Essay on National Festivals of India 3 Essay (600 Words, 400 Words & 250 Words)

Essay 1 (600 Words) - What are Important National Festivals and Significance

Introduction

India is a diverse country with many religions and cultures living together. Every religious and cultural group has its own festivals, but there are few festivals of national significance that are celebrated together by everyone, beyond the differences of religion, caste, or region. These festivals are the national festivals and are celebrated with a patriotic and nationalistic zeal for the country. In this essay, we will know about important national festivals of India and their importance.

Some Important National Festivals

There are three major national festivals of India, celebrated with unparalleled zeal and enthusiasm. These festivals are celebrated throughout the length and breadth of India; therefore, they are called national festivals. We will go briefly through each of them, one by one below -

• Independence Day

People of India celebrate Independence Day on 15^th August, to commemorate the Independence of the nation that occurred on 15^th August 1947. The British that have ruled India for over two centuries finally scuttled leaving the fate of Indian people in their own hands.

People of India value their freedom more than anything and that is a reason why they celebrate Independence Day, together with unprecedented patriotism and unity.

• Republic Day

Republic Day of India is celebrated on 26th January to commemorate the day when India became a Republic, in which the real power is held by the people themselves. Though India gained independence on 15th August 1947, it became a Republic after around two and a half years, when the Constitution was adopted.

The Constituent Assembly adopted the constitution of India on 26th January 1950, thereby, completing India’s transition from a dominion to Republic. This day is celebrated as Republic Day, throughout India, by its entire people, irrespective of their caste creed and religion.

• Gandhi Jayanti

Mahatma Gandhi was a great freedom fighter and a mass leader. His contribution to India’s freedom struggle was unprecedented. In fact, he was the harbinger of several revolutionary activities. His policy of truth and non-violence had charmed the world and is still relevant in today’s context. People loved him, respected him, and followed his every word. He was given the title of ‘father of the nation’, due to his popularity with the masses.

People throughout India celebrate his birthday on 2nd October every year as Gandhi Jayanti.

Importance of National Festivals

India is a country with diverse landscapes, cultures, and religions. There are several ethnic groups found within a range of 50 miles or so. Every state or the Union Territory has its own separate culture, cuisine, language, etc. It wouldn’t be wrong to say that India is like a union of several small countries (in this case the states and UTs) with their own culture and languages.

In such a diverse scenario, national festivals become important because they do the important job of uniting the people, fostering unity and nationalism in them. Only when the people of India stay united, omitting their differences, the nation will progress and stay safe.

Moreover, the national festivals let the people, mostly the young generation, to connect with their motherland’s glorious past and the great freedom fighters and leaders. They know about the past and value freedom and unity, understanding that unity is the prerequisite for freedom. Only when we are united, we are free. If we were not united, we would probably still have been a governed colony.

Conclusion

National festivals of India are significant events; those must enjoy full participation of the citizens. They are an occasion to enjoy but also to introspect the past and value independence and democracy. They are also an occasion to remember the great freedom fighters and political leaders of India.

Essay on National Festivals of India

There are three main national festivals celebrated in India, they are, Independence Day (15^th August), Republic Day (26^th January), and Gandhi Jayanti (2^nd October). I am giving below three different essays of different word lengths on ‘National festivals of India’ for my readers.

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Essay 2 (400 Words) - National Festivals of India and their Importance

Introduction

National festivals are the ones that are celebrated by the people of all the religion, culture, and state together, with unity. People from different religions and places celebrate these festivals with loyalty to the nation in their hearts. There are three main national festivals of India that we will know in this essay.

Three Main National Festivals of India

Though there are thousands of religious and cultural festivals celebrated in India, but they are only celebrated in a particular region by some close groups. National festivals, on the other hand, are celebrated by all the religious and cultural communities of India. These festivals are celebrated by everyone with just nationalism and patriotism in their hearts. There are three national festivals celebrated every year in India. They are the Independence Day celebrated on 15th August; Republic Day celebrated on 26th January and Gandhi Jayanti celebrated on 2nd October.

Why are National Festivals Important

India is a diverse country with four major religions, different cultures, and hundreds of ethnic languages. People live in such diverse circumstances, yet they live in unity and harmony. The people of India, despite their differences, understand the significance of unity and freedom.

The national festivals reinstate the sense of nationalism, togetherness, and patriotism, in the people, year after year. This is in fact the most important significance of national festivals. They infuse a sense of unity and belongingness in everyone. Celebrating national festivals reaffirms the faith of people in their motherland and its heritage. The festivals also encourage the masses to promote unity as a prerequisite of democracy and growth.

Also, the festivals let people face to face with the glorious past of their country and people who have given their blood for independence. The people recognize their freedom fighters and acknowledge their sacrifice. People adorn the national flag with pride and sing the national anthem. They talk and discuss about the rich cultural heritage of the land and the importance of unity. These festivals are an occasion to remember the great freedom fighters of India and honor them.

Conclusion

National festivals reinstate the philosophy of ‘unity in diversity’ which is very important for a diverse land as India. These festivals are of immense importance and play a vital role in making India a thriving democracy; perhaps the largest in the world. It is our duty as the citizens of India to celebrate national festivals with enthusiasm and patriotic zeal.Short and Long Essays on National Festivals of India

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Essay 3 (250 Words) - Indian National Festivals

Introduction

There are three major national festivals celebrated in India. In this essay we will discuss the meaning of national festivals and how should we celebrate them.

What are National Festivals?

We all know that India is a land of festivals. It is said that every day a festival is celebrated in some part of the country, but these festivals are either religion centric or region-centric, that is they are only observed by people belonging to a particular region or religion.

National festivals on the other hand are those festivals that are celebrated by everyone. Every state, every Union Territory, state and central governments, etc celebrate them. People of different religions – Hindus, Muslims, Christians, and all, celebrate these festivals together. They forget their differences and celebrate these festivals with unity.

There are three main national festivals celebrated in India – Independence Day on 15th August; Republic Day on 26th January and Gandhi Jayanti on 2nd October.

How to Celebrate National Festivals

National festivals must be celebrated with unity and harmony. Pride for the nation and our values must be at the center of activities. National Flag and heritage must be preserved and respected. Children must be told about the significance of national festivals and the reason why they are celebrated.

Conclusion

National festivals are the backbone of democracy. They unite people and foster nationalism and patriotism among them. It is in the larger interest of the nation that these festivals be celebrated with unprecedented zeal by people from varied religions and cultures.

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Historical Monuments of India

Historical Monuments of India

India is rich in culture, traditions, heritage buildings, temples, forts and palaces. Famous Indian Monuments includes Old Churches of Goa , The Taj Mahal, Qutab Minar of Delhi, Charminar, Red fort and Jantar mantar, these are also few most visited

Heritage Sites in India.

These Historical Monuments are the only wealth of Indian tourism along with other World Heritage Sites and Nature tourism places like wild parks and ancient temples of south India.

1. Taj Mahal, Agra

The Taj Mahal, a beautiful white marble Monument located in the city of Agra on the banks of the holy river Yamuna in the state of Uttar Pradesh. Taj Mahal is the finest example of combines elements of Mughal, Persian, Ottoman Turkish and Indian architectural styles.

It is one of the eight wonders of the world and also one of the must visit place in Uttar Pradesh . Fatehpur Sikri is another historic site in the state, the first planned city of the Mughals.

2. Mysore Palace, Mysore

The Palace of Mysore is the most famous historical monument, located in the city of Mysore in Karnataka and one of the most visited monuments in India. Mysore Palace is one of the most famous tourist attractions in the city along with Chamundi Hills.

3. Harmandir Sahib, Amritsar

The Golden Temple is known as Harmandir Sahib is a Sikh Gurdwara located in the Amritsar, Punjab. Shri Darbar Shaib is the holiest shrine and most famous pilgrimage place for Sikhs.

Harmandir Sahib is one of the most sacred places in India, a Holy Granth Sahib is always present inside the temple.

4. Brihadishwara Temple, Thanjavur

Brihadishwara Temple also called Periya Koyil or Big Temple is one of the India’s largest temple located in the Thanjavur at the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.

The Rajarajeswaram temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva and the best temple build by Cholas along with Airavatesvara Temple of Tamil Nadu, Brihadishwara Temple and Airavatesvara Temple are two world heritage sites in Tamil Nadu.

5. Bahai Temple, Delhi

The Lotus Temple of Delhi is called Bahai Temples, situated near kalka Ji.Lotus Temple is a house of Worship for every religion and best place for meditation and peace.

Bahai Faith is spiritual unity of all humankind, there are eight continental Houses of Worship have been built around the world. Lotus Temple is one of them and the prominent attraction in Delhi.

6. Hawa Mahal, Jaipur

The great monuments of the royal Rajputs of Rajasthan, Hawa Mahal also Palace of Winds is situated in the heart of pink city and the capital of Rajasthan, Jaipur. The pyramid shape five-story palace is constructed by red and pink sandstone by Maharaja Sawai Pratap Singh for women’s of royal families.

Hawa Mahal is one of the major tourist attraction of Jaipur as well as must see historical monuments of Rajasthan state.

7. Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, Mumbai

Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus or Victoria Terminus is a historic railway station situated in the dream city of India Mumbai, Maharashtra.

8. Victoria Memorial, Kolkata

The Victoria Memorial Hall is located in the capital of West Bengal, Kolkata and dedicated to Queen Victoria. Victoria Memorial is one of the major tourist attraction of Kolkata and serves as a museum with great collection of manuscripts, paintings and sculptures of the British period.

9. Qutub Minar, Delhi

Qutab Minar of Delhi is one of the tallest and famous towers in the world and second tallest Minar in India. Complex of Qutb Minar is home to several historically monuments such as Tomb of Iltutmish, Iron pillar of Delhi and Alai Minar.

10. Sanchi Stupa, Sanchi

The Buddhist vihara at Sanchi is also known as Great Stupa is one of the most famous Buddhist monument in India, located at Sanchi Town in Raisen District. Sanchi Stupa is one of the best preserved ancient Stupas in India, surrounded by four carved gateways.

Information Technology IT-402UNIT 2 - Web Applications (Notes)UNIT - 2 WEB APPLICATION : Networking Fundamentals

Information Technology IT-402

UNIT - 2

WEB APPLICATION : 

Networking Fundamentals

Network: A computer network is a collection of computers and other hardware components interconnected by communication channels (cables or satellites) that allow sharing of resources and information.

Networks are designed using the following architecture:

Peer to peer (P2P): Networkn which all computers have an equal status are called peer to peer networks. Generally in such a network each terminal has an equally competent CPU.

Client-Server: Networks, in which certain computers have special dedicated tasks, providing services to other computers (in the network) are called client server networks. The computer(s) which provide services are called servers and the ones that use these services are called clients.

Types of Network:

There are 2 major types of network:-

1) LAN:- LAN is Local Area Network. It is used to connect computers and devices within a small geographical area such as home, school etc.

2) WAN:- WAN is Wide Area Network. It is used to connect computers in a broad area such as national and international boundaries.

Eg. Internet.

Internet: Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks.

World Wide Web: World Wide Web (abbreviated as WWW or W3, commonly known as the Web), is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet.

Web Browser: A Web Browser is software used to view Web sites and acts as an interface between the user and the World Wide Web.

Web Server: A Web server is a computer that stores web sites and their related files for viewing on the Internet.

Uses of Network:-

1) Data Sharing: We can share data like text files, documents, audio and video files to other users with the help of Networking.

2) Hardware Sharing: Hardware components like printers, scanners etc. can also be shared with the help of networking.

3) Internet Access Sharing: Through networking we can access a single internet connection on multiple computers within a network.

4) Usage of Network Based Applications: Applications like chat applications, audio and video calling is an another advantage.

Getting Access to the Internet:-

To use Internet we need the following:-

1) ISP:- ISP is Internet Service Provider. It is an organization which provides us with the access of Internet. For eg. BSNL, Airtel, MTNL etc.

2) Modem:- The word modem is derived from its function Modulator/DEModulator. It is a device which is used to convert digital computer signals into analog signals and vice-versa.

Types of Internet Connectivity

Types of Internet Connectivity can be broadly categorized into Wired Technology and Wireless Technology.

Wired Technology:-

1) Dial-up:- It uses the facilities of the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) to establish a internet connection via telephone lines using a device called MODEM. Users dial a number and get access to internet. Dial-up connections are extremely slow.

2) DSL:- DSL is Digital Subscriber Line provides internet connectivity by transmitting digital data over wires of a local telephone network. It enables the use of Telephone and Data Transmission on a single telephone line. For using DSL Connection, we need a DSL modem and a subscription.

3) Cable Internet Access:- It is a form of broadband Internet access that uses the cable TV infrastructure. It is provided through existing cable TV networks and it is similar to DSL.

Wireless Technology:-

1) 3G:- 3G, is short for 3rd Generation. It is a set of standards used for Mobile devices and mobile telecommunication services and networks. If the phone supports 3G, then high speed internet connectivity can be accessed through its subscription.

High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) is a 3G protocol (standard) that allows higher data transfer speeds and capacity.

2) WiMAX:- WiMAX is Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access is a wireless communications standard designed to provide mobile broadband connectivity across cities and countries through variety of devices. It is a long range system. It is beneficial where there is a difficulty in laying out cables and wires.

3) Wi-Fi:- It is a popular technology used to transfer data wirelessly over a network. Wi-Fi stands for Wireless Fidelity. The wireless network is formed through a device called Wireless Access Point (WAP). It is beneficial as there is no need of laying out wires for transferring data.

Data Transfer On the Internet :-

· The data is broken up into bits of same sized pieces called packets.

· A header is added to each packet explaining where the data has come from, where it should end up and where it fits in with the rest of the packets.

· Each packet is sent from computer to computer until it finds its destination. All packets may not take the same route.

· At the destination, the packets are examined. If any packets are missing or damaged, a message is sent asking for them to be resent. This continues until all packets have been received intact.

· The packets are now reassembled into their original form. All this done in seconds!

Session 3 : INTRODUCTION TO THE INSTANT MESSAGING

INSTANT MESSAGING

Instant Messaging (IM) is a form of communication over the internet that offers an instantaneous transmission of text-based messages from sender to receiver. Most IM software includes the option to transfer files, audio chat, video, images etc.

Key Features of IM are :-

1) Text message can be sent from one person to another(similar to SMS)

2) Audio calling and conferencing

3) Video calling and conferencing

4) File Transfers

5) Message History (Save messages for future reference)

Types of Instant Messaging Software

There are two kinds of IM Software:-

1) Application Based:- These software are downloaded and installed on user’s computer. Eg. Google Talk , Yahoo! Messenger , Skype , Window Live Messenger , Rediff Bol etc.

2) Web Based:- They are accessed using browsers such as Internet Explorer etc. Eg. MSN Web Messenger , Yahoo! Messenger for the Web , Meebo , IMO etc.

BLOG

A blog is a discussion style site used by non-technical users for creating personal web pages. Blog is similar to an online personal diary and similar to use. A blog is used to convey messages, events, news, announcements etc.

Blogs are usually managed through web browser which needs an internet connection. A blog can also be created through Offline Blog Software and later publish the content when the internet connection is available.

Examples of Websites that offer blog services:-

www.blogger.com

www.wordpress.com

www.weebly.com

www.blog.com

ONLINE TRANSACTIONS

The transactions over the internet are called Online Transactions

Like purchasing of goods, selling of goods, booking a ticket, payment of fees etc. all comes under the category of Online transactions.

Examples of Online Transaction websites:-

1) For Buying Goods :- amazon, jabong, myntra, flipkart , ebay etc.

2) For Booking of Tickets :- IRCTC , Redbus etc.

3) For Payment of School Fee :- epay.unionbankofindia.co.in/kvfee

Payment Tools to use Online Transactions:-

For completing an online transaction we must need:-

1) Valid Debit Card

2) Valid Credit Card

3) Net Banking Subscription

INTERNET SECURITY

It is a branch of computer security specifically related to the internet, involving browser security and also network security.

Objectives of Internet Security:-

The main objective of internet security is to establish rules and measures to use against attacks over the internet.

Online Threats

The threats / vulnerabilities that uses World Wide Web (Internet) to facilitate crimes are called Online Threats.

Like:-

1) Phishing :- The act of acquiring personal / private and sensitive data from personal computers for use in fraudulent activities. For eg. Mails from unknown persons that ask for your credit / debit card details.

2) Email spoofing :- It is the creation of email messages with a forged sender address. For eg. Sending an email with a forged email address which appears to be original. These mails are infected mails which contain worms.

3) Chat Spoofing:- Spoofing means hoax, trick, or deceive which contains false information. Hiding / Faking the identity of another person over the internet is called chat spoofing.

BEST PRACTICES FOR SECURITY OVER INTERNET

1. Use strong passwords: A combination of alphanumeric and special characters could be used for creating a password that is not so easy to crack or guessed by other users.

General guidelines for strong password

a) Keep the length of the password at least 12-14 characters if permitted.

b) Avoid keeping passwords based on repetition words, dictionary words, usernames, pet names etc.

c) Include numbers and symbols in passwords.

d) Use Capital and lowercase letters.

e) Avoid using same password for multiple sites or purposes.

f) Avoid using something that the public or workmates know you strongly like or dislikes.

2. Backup your data: Always keep copies of data in CD, pendrives etc, so it could be helpful in situation when there is a loss of data.

3. Use Encryption software: Use encrypted software available within the operating software to protect data from unauthorized users.

4.  

Keep username and password private: Never save passwords or usernames on computers that are used in shared environments like net café.

5. Registering with website: Read privacy policy whenever you register with a website, the policy will include information about how the website use personal data.

6. Do not share personal information: Be cautious when filling out forms on internet. Because your personal information or emails could be used by unauthorized users to send fake or unwanted emails. So, first research and verify if it’s a trusted website or not before providing personal information to any website.

7. Secure transactions: It is always recommended to use only secure websites for online shopping or transactions, because these websites store your credit card or online banking personal information. Verify if the website uses secure transaction, usually it is indicated through a digital certificate represented as a golden lock in the web browser’s address bar.

8. Use Antivirus and antispyware software: These softwares protect your computer from any changes by malwares/threats. Keep these softwares up to date.

9. Do not immediately respond to mails from unknown users: Some mails, that promise you jobs or announce lottery results, may contain virus or scripts or they can try to gather your personal information. Never open the attachments from unknown persons.

10. Install firewalls: Firewalls keep your system and network secure. They could be software or hardware. So, Install and configure your firewall.

11. Regularly update your operating system and software applications.

12. When you visit websites, cookies are created on your system that may contain your personal or logon details. Clear browser cookies frequently so that your logon details could not be tracked by unauthorized users.

SESSION 1:-WORKING WITH ACCESSIBILITY OPTIONS

Computer Accessibility :- It refers to the user friendliness of a computer system for all, regardless of their disability. It enables a person with a disability or impairment to use a computer. It is also known as Assistive Technology.

There are numerous types of impairment that impact computer usage. These includes:-

1) Cognitive impairments and learning disabilities, such as dyslexia, autism, and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

2) Visual impairment, such as low-vision, complete or partial blindness, and color blindness.

3) Hearing impairment including deafness.

4) Motor or dexterity impairment, such as paralysis, cerebral palsy, or carpal tunnel syndrome and repetitive strain injury.

These accessibility options are used to customize the way your keyboard, display, or mouse function.

Various Accessibility Options

1) Sticky Keys:- It is an accessibility feature to help computer users with physical disabilities. It allows the user to press and release a modifier key, such as Ctrl, Alt, Shift etc. and have it remain active until any other key is pressed.

2) Filter Keys:- It is an accessibility feature that tells the keyboard to ignore repeated key strokes, making typing easier for people with hand tremors.

3) Toggle Keys:- It is an accessibility feature which is designed for people who have vision impairment or cognitive disabilities. When toggle keys are turned on, the computer emits a high sound when the locking keys, such as Caps Lock, Num Lock, Scroll Lock are switched on and a low sound when they are switched off.

4) Sound Sentry:- It is designed for the users with auditory impairments. It generates warnings, such as blinking title bar or a flashing border, whenever the computer generates a sound.

5) Show Sounds:- It instructs applications that convey information by sound, to also provide information visually, through text captions or informative icons.

6) High Contrast:- It is an accessibility feature to assist people with vision impairment. It can change the size and color of fonts and the background for ease of viewing.

7) Cursor Options:- It is an accessibility feature that assists people with vision impairment by changing the blink rate and width of the cursor.

8) Mouse Keys:- It is an accessibility feature that assists people who have difficulty using a mouse. This option uses the keyboard as a pointing device instead of a mouse.

9) Serial keys:- It is an accessibility feature that assists people that have difficulty in using a keyboard or a mouse or both. They can use special devices such as Sip, Puff and Breath Switches to provide input to the computer through serial ports.

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IT-402 UNIT – 7 Database Development

Information Technology IT-402

UNIT – 7

Database Development

Database – A database is an organized collection of data. For example:- In a stationary shop, detailed records of the materials available in the shop is database. Similarly in a computerized system, we need to maintain several files, we would used database programs such as Microsoft Access, OpenOffice.org Base, and MySQL. These database programs are used to organize the data as per our needs in the computer system.

Database Management System (DBMS) - A database management system is a software package with computer programs that controls the creation, maintenance and use of a database. A DBMS allows different user application programs to concurrently access the same database. Some of the DBMSs are Oracle, IBM DB2, Microsoft SQL server, Microsoft Access, PostgreSQL, MySQL, FoxPro and SQLite.

Data can be organized into two types:-

Flat File: Data is stored in a single table. Usually suitable for less amount of data.

Relational: Data is stored in multiple tables and the tables are linked using a common field. Relational is suitable for medium to large amount of data.

Database Servers – Database servers are dedicated computers that hold the actual databases and run only the DBMS and related software. Databases on the database servers are accessed through command line or graphic user interface tools referred to as Frontends; database servers are referred to as Back-ends. Such type of data access is referred to as Client-server model.

RDBMS:- A relational database management system (RDBMS) is a database management system that is based on the relational model. In the relational model of a database, all data is represented in terms of tuples (rows), grouped into relations (tables). A database organized in terms the relational model is a relational database.

Database Concepts:- Database contains objects that are used for storing and managing information.

1. Item : - Item is about which information is stored in the database.

2. Field:- Each question that we ask about our item is a Field.

3. Record:- Record is a set of information (made up of fields) stored in your database about one of the items.

4. Value:- Value is the actual text or numerical amount or date that you put in while adding information to your database.

For example,

Database :- Employee

Emp_Code

Emp_Name

Emp_Address

Emp_Designation

Emp_ContactNo

Emp_Salary

E001

ABC

Meerut

Manager

Item : Employee

Field : Emp_Code , Emp_Name , Emp_Address , Emp_Designation , Emp_ContactNo , Emp_Salary

Record :

E001

ABC

Meerut

Manager

5. Key Field :- Key Field is a value in a Field that uniquely identifies the record. Eg. E001 which is unique to every employee.

Q. 1 How data is organized in a RDBMS ?

Ans :- In RDBMS, data is organized in the form of inter linked tables.

DATA STORAGE

TABLE :- A table is a set of data elements that is organized using a model of vertical columns and horizontal rows. Each row is identified by a unique key index or the key field.

COLUMNS OR FIELD :- A column is a set of data values of a particular simple type, one for each row of the table. For eg. Emp_Code , Emp_Name , Emp_Address etc.

ROWS OR RECORDS OR TUPLES :- A row represents a single, data items in a table. Each row in a table represents a set of related data, and every row in the table has the same structure.

DATA TYPES :- Datatypes are used to identify the type of data we are going to store in the database.

Categories of data types:- Data types can be broadly classified into five categories:-

1. Numeric Types

2. Alphanumeric Types

3. Binary Types

4. Date Time

5. Other variable Types

NUMERIC TYPES:- They are used for describing numeric values like mobile number, age, etc.

The different types of numeric data types available are-

1. Boolean (Yes / No) 6. Numeric

2. TinyInt (Tiny Integer) 7. Decimal

3. SmallInt (Small Integer) 8. Real

4. Integer 9. Float

5. BigInt (Big Integer) 10. Double

ALPHANUMERIC TYPES:-

The list of different datatypes available in alphanumeric types are :-

1. LongVarChar (Memo) (Long Text)

2. Char (Text-fix) (Small Text)

3. VarChar (Text) (Text of specified Length)

4. VarChar_IgnoreCase (Text) (Comparisions are not case sensitive)

BINARY TYPES:-

Binary types are used for storing data in binary formats. It can be used for storing photos, music files or (in general file of any format) etc.

The list of different datatypes available in Binary types are :-

1. LongVarBinary (Image)

2. Binary (Binary (fix) )

3. VarBinary (Binary)

DATE TIME:-

Date time data types are used for describing date and time values for the field used in the table of a database. It can be used for storing information such as date of birth, date of admission etc.

The list of different data types available in Date Time type are :-

1. Date (Stores month, day and year information)

2. Time (Store hour , minute and second information)

3. Timestamp (Stores date and time information)

PRIMARY KEY:- A primary key is a unique value that identifies a row in a table. These keys are also indexed in the database, making it faster for the database to search a record.

FOREIGN KEY:- The foreign key identifies a column or set of columns in one (referencing) table that refers to a column or set of columns in another (referenced) table.

Note:- The “one” side of a relation is always the parent, and provides the PK(Primary Key) Attributes to be copied. The “many” side of a relation is always the child, into which the FK(Foreign Key) attributes are copied.

MANIPULATING DATA

In a database we can define the structure of the data and manipulate the data using some commands.

There are two types of languages:-

1. DDL (Data Definition Language)

2. DML (Data Manipulation Language)

DATA DEFINITION / DESCRIPTION LANGUAGE:- 

It is a standard for commands that define the different structures in a database. DDL statements create,modify and remove database objects such as tables, indexes and users.

Common DDL Statements are:-

1. Create :- Used to create database objects.

2. Alter :- Used to modify database objects.

3. Drop :- Used to delete database objects.

DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE:- It is a standard for commands that enables users to access and manipulate data in a database.

Common DML Statements are:-

1. SELECT :- Used for retrieval of information from the database.

2. INSERT :- Used for insertion of new information into the database.

3. DELETE :- Used for deletion of information in the database.

4. UPDATE :- Used for modification of information in the database.

Types of DML:-

1.Procedural:- The user specifies what data is needed and how to get it.

2. Non Procedural :- The user only specifies what data is needed.

Note:- A popular data manipulation language is SQL (Structured Query Language.)

Information Technology IT-402 UNIT - 6 EMAIL MESSAGING

Information Technology IT-402

UNIT - 6

EMAIL MESSAGING

WORKING WITH CALENDAR

Time management is the act of planning to stay organized that will result in increased efficiency and productivity. Time management can be performed using simple techniques such as a paper and pen or you can also use calendar software to plan your time.

CALENDARING SOFTWARE:- Calendaring software provides the user an electronic version of a calendar. It is a time management tool, a system of organizing days for social, religious, commercial, or administrative purposes.

STEPS TO OPEN MICROSOFT OUTLOOK CALENDAR:-

1. Click Start -> Programs -> Microsoft Office -> Microsoft Outlook

2. Click Calendar located at the bottom left corner.

VIEWS SUPPORTED BY CALENDARING SOFTWARE:-

The calendaring software provides three views:-

1. Day :- To schedule an activity for a particular time in the day.

2. Week :- To schedule the activities for a particular days in the week.

 a) Show work week:- (Monday to Friday)

 b) Show full week:- (Sunday to Saturday)

3. Month:- To schedule the activities for the complete month.

Any appointments / meetings / commitments previously set in the day / week view will also be reflected here. This view is also used to switch over a specific date in the calendar by selecting the date in the date navigator.

Note:- The default view is by “Day”.

SCHEDULE AN APPOINTMENT

You can schedule an appointment in two ways:-

1. Using Menu Bar

2. Using Calendar View

1. Using Menu Bar- Steps to schedule an appointment are:-

1. Go to File->New->Appointment. A window will appear

2. Create the appointment.

3. Click on Save & Close option. The details will be reflected in the calendar.

2.Using Calendar View – You can create appointments on a daily, weekly, monthly or yearly basis.

 You can create recurring appointment. To do so,

1. Right click on the calendar. A list of options will appear.

2. Click on New Recurring Appointment.

3. An appointment Recurrence window appears. Specify the appointment time, recurrence pattern and the range of recurrence here.

4. Enter a recurring event, select multiple days and click OK.

 Categorize an Appointment

You can categorize the appointments at the time of creation of the appointment or categorize after creating the appointment.

At the time of creating appointment

While creating an appointment, select a color from the Categorize dropdown list.

For an existing appointment

To apply category for an existing appointment, double-click on the appointment and select a color from the Categorize dropdown list.

Share a Calendar

You can share a copy of your calendar in an email message using email server. The calendar will be uploaded to the mail server and can be accessed by others using their email id.

Steps to share a calendar:-

1. Click on Publish My Calendar… option available in the Navigation Pane of the Calendar. A window will appear.

2. Click Finish to publish the calendar on the mail server.

3. Select the time span and configure Detail list and Permission options. Click OK.

4. Enter your email account details to publish the calendar. Click OK.

5.A message will be displayed. To send invitation Click Yes.

6. A window will appear. Enter the email accounts to whom you want to share the calendar and click Send.

Print a calendar

Steps to print a calendar are:-

1. Go to File-> Print. A print dialog box will appear.

2. Select the range of the calendar by specifying the dates.

3. Select the Print Style and adjust other settings.

4. Click OK

Creating a Meeting Request

A meeting is an appointment to which you invite people or reserve resources for meeting hall, equipment etc.You can create and send meeting requests and reserve resources for face-to-face meetings or for online meetings.

Steps to create a meeting request are

1. Go to File->New->Meeting Request, A window will appear.

2. Enter the Subject, Location and Timings of the meeting in the window.

3. Click Send.

Respond to a Meeting Request

Steps to respond to a meeting request are:-

1. Open the email application to view the request.

2. Select the desired option from Accept, Tentative, Decline or Propose New Time options.

Create and Edit a Task

Task refers to actions that can be performed by an user; tasks may include actions items such as booking a conference room, booking tickets, reminder for a task completion itself etc.

Steps to create a task are

1. Go to File->New->Task. A task window will be displayed.

2. Define a subject name, the start date and end date of the task, the status of the task and the priority of the task.

3. Click Save & Close at the top of the page.

Create and Edit a Note

Notes are short text messages that can be used for taking quick notes. You can create notes in the calendar software.

Steps to create note:-

1. Go to File->New->Note, a window will appear.

Parallelogram: --Parallelogram: --2. Type the content of the note and click the icon. Once you click icon, a dropdown list appear.

3. Click the Save As… option to save the note.

Create and Edit a Journal Entry

Journal entry creates a timeline of transactions that can be linked to a contact. A transaction might be an email, task, appointment etc. The following activities can be automatically recorded:-

- Emails Sent & Received

- Telephone calls

- Meeting request & responses

- Office documents you manage

Information Technology IT-402 UNIT 5: DIGITAL PRESENTATION

Information Technology IT-402

UNIT 5: DIGITAL PRESENTATION

INSERTING A MOVIE CLIP

Movie Clips are added to the presentation in order to make the presentation colourful and meaningful.

A movie clip can be inserted in two ways:-

1. Using Insert Tab

2. Using Title and Content Layout Option

1. Steps to insert a movie in a presentation using Insert Tab are:-

1) Click on Movie option under Media clips group in the Insert tab. A drop down appears.

2) Select the Movie from File…option to insert the movie clip. A dialog box appears.

3) Select a movie clip and click OK to insert the same in the slide.

4) A message box appears asking you how do you play the movie, i.e. Automatically or When Clicked.

5) Click on any of the options available and movie clip will be inserted in the slide.

                     OR

1) Click on Movie from Clip Organizer… option under Media clips group in the Insert tab to insert the movie clips that are available under Clip organizer.

2) Clip Art pane will be displayed on the right side.

3) Select any of the movies available and insert it in the slide.

2. Steps to insert a movie in the presentation using Layout option:-

1) Click on Layout option available under Slides group in the Home tab. A drop down list appears.

2) Click on Title and Content option and a slide will be displayed with the same Layout.

3) Insert a movie in the slide by clicking the movie icon in the Layout option.

4) A dialog box will appear. Select a movie clip and click on Open.

5) A message box appears asking you how do you play the movie, i.e. Automatically or When Clicked.

6) Click on any of the options available and movie clip will be inserted in the slide.

INSERTING AN AUDIO CLIP

We can include audio clips to a presentation similar to that of videos. For eg. we can play mild background music while making the presentation.

STEPS TO INSERT AN AUDIO CLIP

1. Click on Sound option under Media clips group in the Insert tab.

2. A drop down appears

3. Select the Sound from File… option to insert the sound clip.

4. A dialog box appears.

5. Locate the audio clip and click OK. The same will be inserted in the slide.

WORKING WITH TABLES

Presentation software enables the user to add tables in the slides in order to represent the statistical data meaningfully.

Tables can be inserted in two ways:-

1. Using Insert tab.

2. Using Title and Content Option

Using Insert tab:- Steps to insert table using Insert tab are:-

1. Click on Table option under Table group in the Insert tab, a drop down list appears.

2. Drag the mouse over requisite number of boxes

                                  OR

2. Click on Insert Table … OR Draw Table options to create the table.

Using Title and Content Layout Option:- Steps to insert table using Title and Content option are:-

1. Click on Layout option available under Slides group in the Home tab. A drop down list appears, select Title and Content option.

2. Click the icon (Insert Table icon) available in the slide. A dialog box will open.

3. Enter the required number of rows and columns in the requisite boxes.

4. Click on OK button.

Working with Charts

Presentation software enables the user to insert charts in slides to present statistical table data in a pictorial representation.

Steps to insert a chart in a slide are:-

1. Click on Chart option under Illustrations group in the Insert tab. A dialog box will appear.

2. Select a chart type among different types of the charts available.

3. Click OK. A default chart will be inserted on the slide. The default data table for that chart will be opened in a spreadsheet application separately.

4. You can edit the values in the spreadsheet and the chart will get automatically updated.

Steps to change the color and effects of the chart are:-

1. Click Chart Styles under Design tab. You can use Design tab to format the chart.

Basic guidelines for creating a chart:-

1. Convey one message per chart. Make the message the heading

2. Make the chart easy to read.

3. Make bars and columns wider than the spaces between them.

4. Be accurate.

5. Eliminate all unnecessary details.

6. Use a few (maximum four) colors per visual

Importing a table/chart in the presentation

Steps to import a table or a chart created in word/excel in the presentation are:-

1. In the Insert Object dialog box, click the Create From File option and click Browse to locate the file that contains the table or the chart.

2. Click OK, the entire document or the spreadsheet that contains the table or the chart is imported to your slide.

NOTE: If you check the Link checkbox while inserting, when you update the table in the document or the spreadsheet, then right click on the imported table or chart in the presentation, select the option Update Link, the embedded table gets updated automatically.

Inserting Transitions

A slide transition is the visual motion when one slide changes to the next during a presentation.

Steps to insert transition effect:-

1. Select a slide.

2. Click on Animation Tab.

3. Select one of the transition effects under Transitions to this slide group and double click on it.

4. The selected effect will be applied to the selected slide.

Note:- You can set the time interval in duration option, and sound schemes in Sound option under Timing group.

Select Apply to All option under Timing group to apply the selected effect on all the slides of the presentation.

Session 6: Inserting Animations

Animations are helpful way to make your slides look more dynamic. Animation allows you to put slide elements such as text and graphics, in motion within a slide.

Steps to add animations in a presentation are:-

1. Select a slide element. Click Animations tab.

2. Click Animate under Animations group. A dropdown list appears.

3. Select any one of the animation effects. The selected animation effect will be applied to the selected element of the slide.

4. Play the slideshow to preview the effect.

Grouping Objects

Grouping can help when you want to move, rotate or resize multiple objects in a presentation. You can group objects such as pictures, clipart, shapes and text box, once grouped they appear as a single object.

Steps to group the objects:-

1. Select all the objects that you want to group. Click the Format tab.

2. Select the Group option available under Arrange group. A drop down list appears.

3. Click on Group, to group all the selected graphical objects in the slide.

NOTE: You can ungroup the grouped objects by selecting the ungroup option available under Group dropdown list of Group option under Arrange group of Format tab.

Inserting Speaker Notes

Speaker Notes are guided text used by the presenter during a presentation. Speaker notes can be short or long texts that can be used as a reference by the presenter while making a presentation. Speaker notes area of the slide is hidden during slide show of the presentation.

Steps to add speaker notes:-

1. Select the slide and type the notes in the Click to add notes area located at the bottom of the presentation.

                                                OR

1. Select View tab and click Notes page under Presentation Views group. Type the notes.

Reviewing Content

You should always review the presentation and make changes if required before you present it to the audience. Presentation software includes options such as spell checks for correcting errors in a presentation.

Guidelines to review the presentation are:-

· Do a thorough spell check across all slides

· Perform a manual spell check for terms that is not included during the standard spell check.

· Remove irrelevant content such as images or cliparts, terms, etc. if they are not required.

Tips to make an effective presentation:-

1. Know your topic – Do the research first and know your material, think through what and how you will present the matter before making a presentation.

2. Use Key phrases about your topic – Good presenters use key phrases and include only the most important information. Highlight key points that are necessary for the audience to remember. Keep the points as short as possible.

3. Avoid too much text on each slide – Do not write whole speech on the slides. The slide show is meant to accompany your oral presentation. Summarize the content as bullet points.

4. Limit the number of slides – Too many slides in a presentation may cause you to rush to get through them and your audience will pay more attention to the changing slide than to what you are saying. On average, one slide per minute is about right in a classroom presentation.

5. Plan the layout of your slide – Make your slide easy to follow. Put the title at the top. Phrases should read left to right and top to bottom. Keep important information near the top of the slide.

6. Avoid fancy fonts – Make sure the fonts, design and colors are consistent throughout the presentation. Don’t use different styles for each slide. Use fonts that are readable. Do not use all capital letters as it may be difficult to read.

7. Use contrasting colors of text and background - Use reasonable mix of text color and background. Dark text on a light background is usually the best as this combination offers the maximum visibility.

8. Use a slide design template to keep your presentation look consistent – Always use a single background on all slides, do not use multiple backgrounds. Use a pleasant template or style set as it will attract the audience and they will not lose their focus.

9. Use animations and transitions sparingly – Always use animations and transitions in a limited amount. As using this feature in every piece and every place can be very distracting for the audience.

10. Also, always review the presentation 2 – 3 times before making a presentation – This can help in reducing or eliminating any errors in it. Remove irrelevant points during the review, add or remove images during review. Make necessary corrections before presenting it to a larger audience.

PRINT A PRESENTATION

Sometimes, there is a need to provide the print outs of the presentation to the audience, as a reference material. You can print notes, handouts or outline of the presentation using the presentation software.

Steps to Print A Presentation (Notes)

1. Open the presentation and select the Print option.

2. Select the Notes Page option under print what: dropdown list.

3. Click OK.

Steps to Print A Presentation (Handouts)

1. Open the presentation and select the Print option.

2. Select the Handouts option under print what: dropdown list.

3. Select the number of slides to be printed on a single page under Slides per page dropdown under handouts group.

 (This option will reduce the wastage of paper as multiple slides can be printed on a single sheet.)

Steps to Print A Presentation (Outline)

1. Open the presentation and select the Print option.

2. Select the Outline view option under print what: dropdown list.

3. Click OK

(This option will print only the text part of the presentation.)

Information Technology Class 10 UNIT – 4 SPREADSHEET

Information Technology Class 10 UNIT – 4  SPREADSHEET

Autosum - Autosum is used for adding the values given in cells automatically without writing the

formula to perform the operation.

Steps to perform Autosum:

1. Select the cell in which you want sum.

2. Click on Home Tab, then click the Autosum option in the Editing group.

3. The values in the cell will be calculated automatically.

Note: Autosum automatically selects the values around the cells either horizontally or vertically.

Conditional Formatting - Conditional formatting allows you to change the formatting (font color, border, shading) of the cells based on the values in it. So, you specify a condition for the values in the cell, and if the condition is satisfied then automatically the formatting of the cell changes.

You can control the following formats:

· Number format

· Font, font style, and font colour (but not font size)

· Fill colour and fill pattern

· Border colour and border style (but not border thickness)

Steps to perform Conditional Formatting:

1. Select all the cells you want to format conditionally.

2. Click on Conditional Formatting option available under Styles group in the Home tab. A drop down list appears.

3. Select the desired formatting option, then specify the required values.

4. Click OK

Freeze Rows and Columns - When you are dealing with a huge amount of data that spans several rows or columns, you may want the headers to remain constant (frozen) while you scroll through the data so that you can see the identifying names of the rows/columns is called Freezing of rows and columns.

Steps for Freezing Rows and Columns

1. Click on Freeze Panes option available under Window group in View tab.

2. A drop down list appears as shown below.

3. Click on Freeze Panes.

Note: The panes are formed where your cursor is placed. You can also freeze the entire row or column by selecting the entire row or column and click “Freeze Panes” to freeze the entire row or column.

Hide / Unhide Rows and Columns - Sometimes you have data in rows and columns which are needed for formulas or charts, but you do not want the data to be visible. So, you can Hide / Unhide that rows and columns. The data in hidden row/column is available for calculations though not visible.

Steps to Hide a row / column:-

1. Either select the particular row/column or just one cell in the corresponding row/column.

2. Click on Format option available under Cells group in the Home tab.

3. A dropdown list appears. Click on Hide & Unhide > Hide Rows.

                                                            OR

Select the row/column, right click and select Hide.

Steps to Unhide a row / column:-

1. Select any cells before and after the cell that is hidden.

2. Click Unhide Rows in the Format option available under Home tab.

PAGE BREAKS

To print a worksheet with the exact number of pages that you want, you can adjust the page breaks in the worksheet before printing it. This feature is very useful especially when printing huge sheets.

Steps To Set Page Break

1. On the View tab, in the Workbook Views group, click Page Break Preview.

2. To insert a vertical page break, select the row below where you want to insert the page break. To insert a horizontal page break, select the column to the right of where you want to insert the page break.

3. Click on Breaks down arrow under Page Setup group in the Page Layout tab.

4. Click on Insert Page Break option.

5. To move a page break, simply drag the page break to the desired location.

Steps to Remove Page Break

Click the Remove Page Break option in Breaks drop down list.

Note: To return to Normal view after you finish working with the page breaks, click Normal

in the Workbook Views group under the View tab.

PAGE LAYOUT

Spread sheet software provides various page layout options for organizing pages using the Page Layout option.

Steps to set the page layout options

Click on Page Layout option under Workbook Views group on View tab. We can set

◦ Margins

◦ Orientation

◦ Page headers and footers

◦ Hide or display grid lines

◦ Size of the page

◦ Define the print area

◦ Specify the background

MARGINS

Click on Margins option under Page Setup group, a dropdown list appears.

You can either select anyone of the predefined margin options available or else you can define your own margin settings by clicking Custom Margins option and set the margin values manually from the options available under the dialog box.

ORIENTATION

You can set the orientation of the page to either Portrait or Landscape by clicking the Orientation option under Page Setup group in the Page Layout tab.

PAGE HEADERS AND FOOTERS

HIDE OR DISPLAY GRID LINES

SIZE

You can set the size of the page by clicking the Size option under Page Setup group in the Page Layout tab.

DEFINE THE PRINT AREA

Click on Set Print Area to set the selected to get printed. You can also clear the print area by clicking the Clear Print Area option.

SPECIFY THE BACKGROUND

You can specify a background for your sheet using the Background option under Page Setup in the Page Layout tab.

MANAGE WORKBOOK VIEWS

Workbook views are used for the purpose of viewing the outcome of the worksheet while printing. There are five types of views in the spreadsheet:-

1. Normal-This is the default view of the spreadsheet application. It is a collection of cells arranged in the work area.

2. Page Layout- With page layout view, you can quickly fine tune a worksheet and achieve professional looking results.

3. Page Break Preview- This option is similar to Page Layout option except you can set the area that is to be set as a page after inserting page break.

4. Custom View- With custom view, you can view selected areas of a document.

5. Full Screen- Selecting this option the workbook cover the entire screen. All tabs are hidden from view. To get back the tabs, click on File>Restore.

Multiple windows

You can open multiple windows that display the current spreadsheet and then arrange those windows in a variety of ways.

Steps to open a new window of a workbook

1. Click New Window button on the View tab, in the Window group.

Steps to arrange multiple windows

1. Click Arrange All button in the Window group. An Arrange Windows dialog box appears.

2. Click either Tiled, Horizontal, Vertical, or Cascade options.

3. Click OK.

APPLY CELL AND RANGE NAMES

We can assign names to cells in a worksheet and use it for quickly locating specific cells by entering the names. Range is a collection of cells.

Steps to apply range names:-

1. Keep the Ctrl key pressed and click on the cells that you want to give a name OR select the range of cells.

2. Right click and select Name a Range…. OR select Define name under Defines Names group in the Formulas tab.

3. A New Name dialog box appears. Enter the name in the Name field.

4. Click OK.

CREATE MODIFY AND FORMAT CHARTS

A chart is graphical representation of data in which data is represented by symbols such as bars in a bar chart, lines in a line chart or slices in a pie chart. Spreadsheet helps to create, modify and format charts based on the data given in the spreadsheet.

Steps to create a chart:-

1. Prepare data in the spreadsheet on which you want to create the chart. Select the data.

2. Click on the chart type that you want from Charts group under the Insert tab.

3. A chart will be displayed in the spreadsheet.

4. You can modify the chart values by making necessary modifications in the data table.

Chart has many elements, however, only some of the elements are displayed by default. Following are the elements of a chart:-

1. Chart Area

2. Plot Area

3. Data Points

4. Horizontal and Vertical Axis

5. Legend

6. Chart and Axis Title

7. Data Label

Chart Types

Different charts display data in very different ways. Using the best chart type and format helps you to display data visually in the most meaningful way. Following are the different types of chart:-

1. Bar charts: A bar chart (horizontal bars) emphasizes the comparison between items at a fixed period of time. This chart type also includes cylinder, cone and pyramid subtypes.

2. Column Charts: A column chart emphasizes variation over a period of time. This chart type also includes cylinder, cone and pyramid subtypes.

3. Line Charts: A line chart shows the relation of the changes in the data over a period of time.

4. Pie Charts: A Pie chart shows the relationship of the parts to the whole.

5. Area Charts: An area chart shows the relative importance of values over time.

6. XY (Scatter) Charts: Scatter charts are useful for showing a correlation among the data points that may not be easy to see from data alone.

SORT & FILTER DATA

Sort:- It is a feature that helps you arrange the selected data either in an ascending or descending order.

Steps to Sort Data

1. Select the data to be sorted and then click on Sort option under Sort & Filter group in the Data tab.

2. Specify on what basis you need to sort the data in the Sort by field and select the order that is ascending and descending and then click OK.

Filter:- It is a feature used for extracting particular data using some conditions.

Steps to Filter Data

1. Click the Filter option available under Sort & Filter group in the Data tab. Before applying the filter, select the data along with the header.

2. Once you click on filter, the header will be displayed with a down arrow.

CALCULATE DATA ACROSS WORKSHEETS

To summarize and report results from separate worksheets, you can consolidate data from each into a master worksheet. The worksheets can be in the same workbook as the master worksheet or in the other workbooks. The assembling of data is required so that updates and calculations can be performed easily.

Steps:-

1. Create a sheet 1 name it as year1.

2. Create a sheet 2 name it as year2.

3. For using sheet 1 or sheet 2 data in any of the sheets use year1! Or year2! Respectively.

For example:- if you want to add B1:B3 range of sheet 1 in sheet 2 use =SUM(year1!B1:B3).

Note:- using this feature, we can use a value of a cell located at one sheet in the another sheet.

USING MULTIPLE WORKBOOKS & LINKING CELLS

Spreadsheet also allows to link the cells from various worksheets and from various spreadsheets to summarize data from several sources. In this way, we can create formulas that span different sources and make calculations using a combination of local and linked information. We can link the data from other spreadsheets and keep the information up to date without editing multiple locations every time, the data changes.

Steps :-

1. Open a new spreadsheet workbook.

2. For example, we are using sum formula, type =sum(, while the parenthesis is opened, click on Switch Windows option under Window group in the View tab. A drop down list appears containing all the active workbooks names.

3. Click on the other workbook name eg. Book1 and select the desired cells eg. A2:A5

4. Press Enter. After pressing enter, we see that we are back on the previous workbook with the desired result.

SHARING WORKSHEET DATA

Using this feature of spreadsheet, multiple users can access a single sheet simultaneously in a network location.

Information Technology IT-402 Solved (Class 10 CBSE) Unit 2 – Web Applications (Basics)

Information Technology 

IT-402

 

Solved (Class 10 CBSE)

Unit 2 – 

Web Applications (Basics)

WORKING WITH ACCESSIBILITY OPTIONS

1. The option in Microsoft Windows XP used for helping users with physical disabilities and to reduce repetitive strain is Accessibility option.

2. Sound Sentry is designed to help users with auditory impairments.

3. The High Contrast option in Microsoft Windows XP is designed to assist people with vision impairments.

4. Serial Keys is designed to assist people that have difficulty using a keyboard or a mouse.

NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS

1. The acronym for LAN is Local Area Network.

2. Three types of Wired Internet Connectivity are Dial-Up, DSL & Cable Internet Access.

3. Three types of Wireless Internet Connectivity are 3G, WIMAX & Wi-Fi.

Q1 - What is the definition of networking?

Answer - A computer network is a collection of computers and other hardware components interconnected by communication channels (cables or satellites) that allow sharing of resources and information.

Q2 - What are the advantages of networking?

Answer – Some of the advantages associated with networking are:

Data Sharing: One of the most important uses of networking is to allow the sharing of data. Users can send text files, spread sheets, documents, presentations, audio files, video files, etc. to other users.

Hardware Sharing: Hardware components such as printers, scanners, etc. can also be shared. For example, instead of purchasing 10 printers for each user, one printer can be purchased and shared among multiple users thus saving cost.

Internet Access Sharing: You can purchase a single Internet connection and share it among other computers in a network instead of purchasing multiple Internet connection for each computer. This is very commonly found in Internet café (browsing centres), schools, colleges, companies, etc.

Usage of network based applications: Such as web browsers, email clients, chat application, audio & video calling, etc. is another advantage.

Q3 - What are the different types of networking?

Answer – There are two major types of network Local Area Network (LAN) and Wide Area Network (WAN).

Local Area Network

A local area network (LAN) is one which connects computers and devices in a limited geographical area such as home, school, computer laboratory, office building, or closely positioned group of buildings.

Usually local area networks offer very high speeds and are used for connecting computers and peripherals such as printers, scanners, etc.

Wide Area Network

A wide area network (WAN) is one which covers a broad area (i.e., any network that links across metropolitan, regional, or national boundaries). The Internet is the most popular WAN, and is used by businesses, governments, non-profit organizations, individual consumers, artists, entertainers, and many others.

Q4 - Explain LAN and WAN.

Answer – Local Area Network

A local area network (LAN) is one which connects computers and devices in a limited geographical area such as home, school, computer laboratory, office building, or closely positioned group of buildings. Usually local area networks offer very high speeds and are used for connecting computers and peripherals such as printers, scanners, etc.

Wide Area Network

A wide area network (WAN) is one which covers a broad area (i.e., any network that links across metropolitan, regional, or national boundaries). The Internet is the most popular WAN, and is used by businesses, governments, non-profit organizations, individual consumers, artists, entertainers, and many others.

INTRODUCTION TO INSTANT MESSAGING

1. Instant messaging (IM) is a form of communication over the Internet that offers an instantaneous transmission of text-based messages from sender to receiver.

2. Microphones, Headsets, Speakers & Web Camera are required for audio and video conferencing.

Q1 - List any five application based instant messaging software.

Answer - Application based instant messaging software is downloaded and installed on user’s computer. Some of the popular instant messaging software are:

1. Google Talk

2. Yahoo! Messenger

3. Skype

4. Windows Live Messenger

5. Rediff Bol

Q2 - What do you mean by instant messages?

Answer - Instant messaging (IM) is a form of communication over the Internet that offers an instantaneous transmission of text-based messages from sender to receiver.

Most instant messaging software include the option for performing file transfers, audio chat, video calling and conferencing, sharing desktops, etc. apart from standard text chat.

Instant messaging software is widely used for personal and commercial use.

CHATTING WITH A CONTACT – GOOGLE TALK

Q1 - State any 03 rules and etiquettes to be followed while chatting on the Internet.

Answer - There are some general rules and etiquettes to be followed while chatting. They are almost the same as those that apply for emails.

1. Messages should be short and to the point.

2. Always introduce yourself by name if your screen name doesn’t reflect it.

3. Always ask if the other person has time to chat first - regardless of how important you think what you have to say is, it’s not going to be well received if the recipient is busy.

4. In a business environment, know exactly what you want to discuss.

5. Typing your messages in uppercase is extremely rude - it’s considered shouting and very aggressive.

6. Give people time to respond - Multiple questions sent to a recipient before they’ve had a chance to answer can seem more like an interrogation rather than a conversation.

7. Wherever possible, give the person you are communicating with your undivided attention. It’s not just a sign of respect, but if you have multiple conversations happening or are allowing other issues to distract you, you may miss an important point in the other person’s messages or lose the gist of the conversation.

8. It’s important to properly end an IM conversation - you may think the chat is over, but the other person may not. While you’re off doing other things, they may be sitting there staring at the screen waiting for further communication from you!!

Q2 - What are the basic needs to use instant messaging (chat) softwares.

Answer – Before, start using Yahoo! Messenger, a Yahoo Mail account is required. If you don’t have a Yahoo! Mail Account already you can use the built in option for creating a new Yahoo! Mail Account.

You should a list of contacts that are available for chat. If you don’t have any contacts, you can add their Yahoo Mail account to your contact list by sending an invite.

CREATING AND PUBLISHING WEB PAGES – BLOG

Q1 - Explain the purpose of a blog.

Answer – A blog is a discussion style site used by non-technical (or technical users) users for creating personal web pages.

Blogs are similar to an online personal diary and simple to use.

We can use a blog to convey messages about events, announcements, news, reviews, etc. Blogs are usually managed using a web browser and this requires active internet connection.

Q2 - List any 5 websites that provide blog service.

Answer – There are hundreds of websites that offer blog service for free. Some of the popular blogs include:

1. www.WordPress.com

2. www.blogger.com

3. www.blog.com

4. www.weebly.com

5. www.blogsome.com

Q3 - Difference between web page and website.

Answer – Web page and Website are relevant but distinct words.

A web page can be considered as a single entity whereas a website is a combination of web pages. Web pages are accessed through a browser while in website HTTP, and DNS protocols are used to access it.

USING OFFLINE BLOG EDITORS

Q1 - Explain the purpose of an offline blog editor.

Answer - If we do not have an active internet connection, we can create blogs using a blog application and publish the blog whenever internet connectivity is available.

Q2 - List any five offline blog editors.

Answer - There are several free offline blog editors available that can be downloaded and installed on the local computer such as

1. Qumana

2. Windows Live Writer

3. Blogdesk

4. MarsEdit

5. BlogJet

6. Blogo

ONLINE TRANSACTION

Q1 - Explain the purpose of online transactions.

Answer - Online shopping is a form of electronic commerce where customers can buy or sell goods over the Internet. Customers need to have an active internet connection for viewing goods or services offered by a seller.

Customers can pay online using a credit, debit card or by internet banking.

Online shopping could be useful in situations when:

• A customer does not have sufficient time to visit stores.

• Visiting a store is more expensive than purchasing a product online.

• A product or service that is not available in the local market is available online.

Q2 - List any five websites that allow online transactions.

Answer - Some of the popular online transaction websites are:

1. IRCTC, an online portal for booking flight and train tickets.

2. Flipkart, an online shopping portal for buying consumer products.

3. EBay, an online portal for buying and selling goods.

4. Redbus, an online portal for booking bus tickets.

5. Paytm, an online portal for recharge and paying bills.

Q3 - List any three payment tools to use online transactions.

Answer - To perform an online transaction, all you need is a web browser and an active internet connection.

In some cases where purchasing is involved, you will need a valid credit card, debit card or online banking support referred to as Net Banking Subscription. Some websites even allow COD (Cash on delivery) where the users can pay once they receive the product or service.

 

INTERNET SECURITY

Q1 - Explain the purpose of Internet Security.

Answer - Internet security is a branch of computer security specifically related to the Internet, often involving browser security but also network security. Its objective is to establish rules and measures to use against attacks over the Internet. The Internet represents an insecure channel for exchanging information leading to a high risk of intrusion or fraud, such as phishing.

Q2 - Explain different kinds of online threats.

Answer - Online threats such as Phishing, email spoofing, chat spoofing, etc. can increase the chances of users getting compromised.

Phishing –

Email Spoofing –

Chat Spoofing –

Information Technology IT-402 Class IX - CHAPTER- 5 (SPREADSHEET) CHAPTER 5 SPREADSHEET

Information Technology IT-402

Class IX - CHAPTER- 5 (SPREADSHEET)

CHAPTER 5

SPREADSHEET

Q.1:- What is a spreadsheet?

A. A spreadsheet is an electronic document just like an expense sheet. It provides much more flexibility, speed and accuracy, as compared to manual expense sheet. It has many built in functions which make it easy to use.

Q. What are the tasks that a spreadsheet can do?

A. Spreadsheets are used for a variety of tasks such as:

1. Maintaining records, Analyzing Data

2. Generating Graphs and reports

3. Doing financial calculations etc.

Q. Name some popular spreadsheet softwares?

A. MS Excel, Open Office – Calc, Google documents

Q. What are the steps to start MS-Excel?

A. Steps to start MS-Excel are:-

1. Double Click on a shortcut key of the MS-Excel icon, if available, on the desktop.

                                                 OR

1. Click Start - > All Programs->Microsoft Office->MS Excel

Q. What are different components of a spreadsheet?

A. Some of the key components of a spreadsheet are:-

1. Worksheet: It is grid of horizontal rows and vertical columns.

2. Workbook: A workbook contains one more worksheets.

3. Row:- A row is horizontal arrangement of cells. The rows are named by numbers (1,2,3,4,…..).

4. Column:-A column is a vertical arrangement of cells. The columns are named by alphabets (A, B, C, ….Y, Z, AA, AB, AC, …AZ, BA, BB,…)

5. Cell:- A cell is where the rows and columns intersect. Worksheet is also called an array of cells. A cell may contain text, numbers, date or a formula.

A cell address in a spreadsheet identifies location of the cell. It is a combination of column name and row number of the cell, such as A2 or B16 etc.

6. Active cell: This is the cell on which the cursor is currently placed. It is outlined by a dark border. Data is always entered in the active cell.

7. Formula Bar:- This is located below the Ribbon. It displays the contents of the active cell. It can also be used to enter and edit data.

8. Scroll Bar:-These helps to scroll through the content and body of the worksheet. There are two scroll bars – horizontal and vertical.

Q. Write steps to save a spreadsheet.

A. 1. Click File -> Save.

     2. A Save As dialog box appears. Choose the directory(drive & folder) in which 

         you want to save the workbook.

     3. Click Save.

Q. Write steps to close the spreadsheet.

A. 1. Click File -> Close.

                   OR

        Click on the cross symbol “X”, that you see on the top right hand corner of the screen.

Q. What are the different kinds of data that can be entered in the spreadsheet.

A. The different kinds of data that can be entered are:-

      1. Text - a to z or A to Z characters

      2. Numbers – 0 to 9 (all numeric and decimal point numbers)

      3. Date – date type data such as 12th December 2015, 12/12/2015, 4-9-16 etc.

      4. Formula – you can enter formulas also such as =20+30, =sum/5 etc. All

           formulas started with “=” sign.

Q. What is the default alignment of Text and Number data in a cell?

A. The Text data is aligned to left in a cell and the Number data/Date data is aligned to right.

Q. What are the two ways to do calculation in a spreadsheet?

A. The two ways to do calculation are:-

1. By manual entry of the formulas

2. By using built-in functions

Q. Consider the following table

                    

(1) Calculate Total Income and Expenses

A. Two ways to calculate addition

        1. In cell B7 (total income), type “=b2+b3 +b4+b5+b6”, copy this formula in cell

            C7 (total expenses).

        2. Use Spreadsheet built in function Autosum, click cell c7 and then click

            Autosum or write “=sum(b2:b6)”

(2) Calculate Savings

 A. Steps to calculate difference

          1. In cell D2, type “=B2 – C2”.

          2. Press Enter Key.

          3. Drag the fill handler upto cell D6.

(3) Calculate Average Income, Expenses and Saving.

A. Steps to calculate average income, expenses and salary are:-

     1. In cell B8, type “=B7/5” (B7 contains total of income and 5 is no. of months)

     2. Press Enter key.

     3. Copy this formula to C8 cell to calculate average expenses and copy this to D8 to get average of Saving.

Q. Write steps to insert a row / a column in a spreadsheet.

A. Steps to insert a row / a column in a spreadsheet are

     1. Select the row or the column (by clicking on the row header or column

         header) before which you want to insert a row or a column.

     2. Right click the mouse, and click on Insert row or Insert column.

Q. What are the different options to format cell and its contents?

A. The different options to format the cell are as follows:-

1. Wrap Text: When the length of the text does not fit completely in the cell as the cell’s width is smaller than the size of the text. The alternate is to automatically make the text appear on multiple lines in a cell using the Wrap Text Option.

Steps:- Click on the cell and Click on Home tab – Wrap Text option in the Alignment group.

2. Change Font: Change font means to change the appearance of the text, like making the text Bold, Underline and Italics.

Steps:- Click on the cell and choose the appropriate icon B, I, U under Font Group from the Home tab.

3. Change Column Width: When the text does not fit into the width of the column, the width of the column can be increase to ensure that the entire text is visible.

Steps:- Take the cursor to the column numbers on top. Position it on the line between two columns. The shape of the cursor changes to a + symbol. Click the left button and drag the + symbol to the right. Once you received the desired width release the left button of the mouse.

4. Cell Content Alignment: Alignment means to arrange the position of the text in the cell.

Steps:- Under the Home tab, in the Alignment group, click on the appropriate symbol for Left, Centre or Right Alignment of text.

5. Create a Border: Border means to have a boundary around the text.

Steps:- Select the cell, Under Home tab, in the Font group, click on down arrow next to the icon for borders. A list of borders appears. From this list select the appropriate option for Left Border, Right Border, Top Border, Bottom Border, All Borders etc.

Q. What is Quick Access Toolbar? Where it is located?

Ans. Quick Access Toolbar contains buttons to quickly access the commands to complete a task. It is located on the right side of the Office Button.

Q. By default, how many buttons are equipped in the Quick Access Toolbar? Can we add / remove buttons or options in the Quick Access Toolbar?

Ans. By default, the Quick Access toolbar is equipped with three buttons:- Save, Undo and Redo. We can add or remove buttons or options that we want in the Quick Access Toolbar.

Q. Write steps to add more buttons/options in the Quick Access Toolbar.

Ans. The steps to add more buttons are:-

        1. Right-click the Quick Access Toolbar and Click Customize Quick Access

            Toolbar.

        2. The Excel Options dialog box will appear. On the left side of Add, click an

            option and click Add.

        3. After making the selections, click OK.

Q. Write steps to remove a button from the Quick Access toolbar.

Ans. 1. Right click on the button that you want to remove from the Quick Access

             toolbar.

         2. Click on Remove From Quick Access toolbar.

Q. In how many ways a currency symbol can be inserted. Explain?

Ans. Currency symbols can be inserted in two ways.

1. Using the Accounting Number Format button

     Steps:-

     a) Select the cell.

     b) Click on the down arrow next to the Accounting Number Format button which is available under the Home tab, in the Number group.

          c) A list appears showing some of the popular currency symbols. Select Rs. Option.

    2. Using the Right Click Option

          Steps:-

          a) Select the cell. b) Right click the mouse. A menu appears

          c) Click on the option Format Cells. A dialogue box appears.

          d) From the Category list, choose Currency.

          e) Now click on the symbol box. Available currency symbol are displayed. Select Rs. Option.

Q. In how many ways you can format the cell contents? Explain.

Ans. The cells can be formatted in two ways.

1. Using the Icons on the Ribbon.

Steps:-

       a) Click on the font box available under Font group in Home tab. A list appears.

       b) Choose desired font.

2. Use Short cut menu and the dialog box

Steps:-

          1. Select the cell.

2. Right click the mouse button, A short menu appears.

3. Click on Format Cells… A dialogue box appears with the Number tab selected by default.

4. Click on the Font tab.

5. Choose the desired font.

Q. Write steps to delete a row / a column in a spreadsheet.

A. Steps to insert a row / a column in a spreadsheet are

     1. Select the row or the column (by clicking on the row header or column

         header) that you want to delete.

     2. Right click the mouse, and click on delete row or delete column.

Q. Write steps to check spelling mistakes in a spreadsheet.

Ans. Steps to check spelling mistakes are:-

          1. Click on Spelling option under Proofing tab in the Review tab.

2. Spreadsheet software will start checking the spellings. If it finds a spelling mistake, it will show the Spelling: English dialog box.

          3. You can accept the suggestion by clicking on the Change option.

          4. Or, you can type in the correct spelling in the box on top in the dialog box.

5. Once you have corrected the mistake, it will continue checking spellings in the rest of the worksheet.

Q. Write steps to apply borders to the cells.

Ans. The steps to apply borders to the cells are:-

          1. Select the cells. 

2. Click on the down arrow on the left of borders under Font group in the

      Home tab.

3. A list of options for borders appears. Select one of the options of borders.

4. The selected options of border will be applied to the cells.

                                                          OR

1. Select the cells on which you want to apply the Border.

2. Right click, a list of options will be displayed. Click on Format Cells option.

3. Choose Border tab and select the appropriate border.

4. Click on OK button.

Q. Write steps to color the cells.

Ans. The steps to color the cells are:-

          1. Select the cells. 

2. Click on the down arrow on the right of Fill Color option under Font group

    in the Home Tab.

3. A list of color options will appear. Select a color.

4. The selected color will be applied to the cells.

Q. Write steps to rename a worksheet.

Ans. The steps to rename a worksheet are : -

          1. Right click a worksheet tab, a list of options will be displayed.

          2. Click on Rename option. Type the new name.

          3. Press Enter Key.

                                                          OR

          1. Double click the worksheet tab. Type the new name. Press Enter Key.

Q. Write steps to add a worksheet.

Ans. The steps to add a worksheet are:-

          1. Click the Insert Worksheet symbol, that is present at the end of

     worksheets. When you click it, a new sheet will be added.

                                                                   OR

Press Shift and F11 keys together, a new sheet will be added.

Q. Write steps to remove a worksheet.

Ans. The steps to remove a worksheet are:-

          1. Right click on the worksheet that you want to delete. A short-cut menu

    pops up.

2. Select the Delete option. Selected sheet will get deleted.

Q. Write steps to print a worksheet with default settings.

Ans. 1. Select File -> Print option.

          2. The worksheet will be printed.

Q. Write steps to print a worksheet using Page Layout.

Ans. 1. Click on Page Layout Tab, adjust the following setting as desired by you.

                   a) Margins – Change the margin settings for Top, Bottom, Left and Right.

                   b) Orientation – Change the orientation Landscape or Portrait.

                   c) Size – Change the size of Page to be used for printing, Eg. A4, Legal etc.

d) Print Area – If you do not want to print the complete worksheet, select the range of cells that you want to print. Then Click on Print Area option and click on Set Print Area.

e) Page Setup – Click on the bottom right hand corner of the Page Setup group in the Page Layout tab. A Page setup dialog box will appear. Select the appropriate options for setting.