Class 11 Political Science NCERT QUESTION ANSWER Chapter 7 - Nationalism PREPARED BY SUMAN KUMAR JHA

Chapter 7 - Nationalism

Question 1:

How is a nation different from other forms of collective belonging?

Answer:

Nation is, to a great extent, an ‘imagined community’ held together by the collective beliefs, aspirations and imaginations of its members. It is based on certain assumptions like shared beliefs, common history, common territory, shared political ideals and common political identity that people construct about the collective whole with which they identify themselves. Unlike family its members are not linked with face-to-face relation. It is different from clans and other kinship groups as it is not based common descent. It is different from any lingual group as it is not based on a common language nor is it like a religious group as it does not share any common religion.

Question 2:

What do you understand by the right to national self-determination?

How has this idea resulted in both formation of and challenges to nation-states?

Answer:

Right to national self-determination means seeking the right by cultural groups to govern themselves and determine their future development as a nation.

The idea of national self-determination led to the formation of nation-state. As in case of Europe after First World-War, the countries were formed on the basis of culture they shared. It helped these groups to determine their future development path and to govern themselves.

This idea is also a challenge to the formation of nation-state as it is impossible to have one culture in a nation-state. It is impossible to ensure that each cultural group could achieve political independence and statehood. Examples for the same could be the mass migrations that took place after the reorganisation of state boundaries in Europe to maintain cultural homogeneity.

Question 3:

“We have seen that nationalism can unite people as well as divide them, liberate them as well generate bitterness and conflict”. Illustrate your answer with examples.

Neither descent, nor language, nor religion or ethnicity can claim to be a common factor in nationalisms all over the world. Comment.

Answer:

  Nationalism unites people into a bond on the basis of same territory, shared beliefs, common history, shared political ideals, common political identity and aspirations.

  The idea of nationalism can liberate people from the bond of various smaller groups to a wider and common group of nation where they share common interests and goals.

  It can also divide the people as every lingual or cultural group could demand for a separate nationstate.

  It can generate bitterness and conflict as demands for separate nation state by smaller groups often leads to conflict. Such situations are at the root of many ongoing conflicts in the world.

  Neither descent, nor language, nor religion or ethnicity can claim to be a common factor in nationalisms all over the world as there is no common set of characteristics that is present in every nation. It is very difficult for every lingual, religious and ethnic group to become politically and economically viable. This also leads to several problems for those groups that are in minority.

Therefore, no nation-state can stand only on the factor of religion or ethnicity.

Question 4:

Illustrate with suitable examples the factors that lead to the emergence of nationalist feelings.

Answer:

The factors that lead to the emergence of nationalist feelings are:

Shared beliefs − This refers to the collective identity and vision for the future of a group that aspires to have an independent political existence.

The citizens of a nation-state share common beliefs irrespective of ethnic or religious differences.

For example, every citizen of India wants the national hockey team to become world champion.

Common history − The citizens of a nation-state share a common history.

It perceives them as stretching back into the past as well as reaching into the future.

For example, Indians share a common history of nationalist movement and have the same vision for their future.

Common territory − It shares a common land or territory on which the people have been living for a long period of time. Thus, territory is an important component of unity.

For example, Indians identify themselves with the distinctive geographical features of the Indian subcontinent.

Shared political ideals − Citizens of a nation-state share a vision of the kind of state they want to build.

  They share same political ideas, they share commitment to a set of political ideas and are bound by a set of obligations legitimatised by the law of the state.

  For example, the Constitution of India that is representative of the collective will of the people has adopted democracy and secularism, among other ideals, as its goals.

Common political identity − The citizens share a common political identity irrespective of their religious, linguistic groups.

For example, a Sikh from Punjab, a Muslim from Uttar Pradesh and a Hindu from Karnataka share a common political identity of being Indian irrespective of their different religious and linguistic groups.

Question 5:

How is a democracy more effective than authoritarian governments in dealing with conflicting nationalist aspirations?

Answer:

  A democratic government is more effective than an authoritarian government as it respects the opinion of people and provides opportunity and rights to every cultural group to flourish.

  All cultural groups including those in minorities have the opportunity to be represented at the highest levels of decision making in a democratic set up. Thus, it provides a structure for all groups to express their aspirations.

  An authoritarian government will create an oppressive and authoritative society in which minority groups cannot survive. The dominance of the majority gives rise to nationalist aspirations among other groups in such situations.

  A democratic government respects the rights and cultural identity of minorities and therefore can solve conflicting nationalist aspirations by taking decisions through consensus that benefit all groups which stay inside the democratic set up.

Question 6:

What do you think are the limitations of nationalism?

Answer:

The limitations of nationalism can be cited as:

  Most nationalist ideals are representative of the goals of a single cultural group. Thus, they fail to incorporate the broader vision of inclusiveness.

  Since it is not possible for every cultural group to create its own nation-state therefore every nationstate state has more than one cultural group.

  The different cultural groups often get involved in conflicts due to their separate nationalist aspirations and the principle of exclusivity based upon a desire for homogenous identity.

  The role of nationalism in a globalised world is yet to be completely evaluated as nationalist tendencies acquire a different meaning in an inter-connected world.

NCERT Solutions & EXTRA QUESTIONS for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 7 Security in the Contemporary World PREPARED BY SUMAN KUMAR JHA

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 7 Security in the Contemporary World

 TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS SOLVED

1. Match the terms with their meaning:
1. Confidence Building Measures (CBMs)
2. Arms Control
3. Alliance
4. Disarmament
(a) Giving up certain types ofweapons.
(b) A process of exchanging information on defence matters between nations on a regular basis.
(c) A coalition of nations meant to deter or defend against military attacks.

(d) Regulates the acquisition of development of weapons.
Answer: (i)-(b); (ii)-(d); (iii)-(c); (iv)-(a).

2. Which among the following would you consider as a traditional security concern/non-traditional/not a threat?
(a) The spread of chikungunya/dengue fever
(b) Inflow of workers from a neighbouring nation.
(c) Emergence of a group demanding nationhood for their region.
(d) Emergence of a group demanding autonomy for their region.
(e) A newspaper that is critical of the armed-forces in the country.
Answer: (a) Non-traditional (b) Non-traditional !(c) Traditional id) Not a threat
(e) Not a threat

3. What is the difference between traditional and non-traditional security? Which category would the creation and sustenance of alliances belong to?
Answer: Creation and sustenance of alliances belong to traditional notion of security.

4. What are the differences in the threats that people in the third world face and those living in the First World face?

Answer: The threats are different in the third world and first world peoples because their regions are changed, hence they face different security challenges.in the following manner:
1. The newly independent countries faced the military conflicts even with their neighbouring states.
2. These countries faced threats not only from outside their borders, mostly from neighbours, but also from within.
3. Internally, new states worried about threats from separatist movements which wanted to form independent countries.
4. Sometimes, the external and internal threats merged.
5. For the new states, external wars with neighbours and internal wars posed a serious challenge to their security.

5. Is terrorism a traditional or non- traditional threat to security?
Answer: Terrorism is a non-traditional threat to wound the peace and order in the country:
1. Terrorism refers to political violence to target civilians deliberately and indiscriminately.
2. Civilians are usually terrorised to be it as a weapon against national government and other parties in the conflict.
3. Terrorism involves hijacking planes or planting bombs in trains, cafes, markets and other crowded places.
4. After a terrorist attack on World Trade Centre on 11 September 2001, the other governments and public also are paying more attention to terrorism.

6. What are the choices available to a state when its security is threatened, according to traditional security perspective?
Answer: Traditional security perspective emphasises on compromises to limit the violence by giving following three choices to the state if its security is threatened:
1. To surrender when actually confronted by war, but they will not advertise this as the policy of country.
2. To prevent the other side from attacking by promising to raise the costs of war to an unacceptable level.
3. To defend to protect itself when war actually breaks out so as to deny the attacking country its objectives and to turn back or to defeat the attacking forces altogether
4. Hence, state’s security policy is to prevent war which is called deterrence and with limiting or heading war called defence.

7. What is Balance of Power? How could a state achieve this?
Answer: ‘Balance of Power’ is a balance between bigger and smaller countries by cooperating with each other economically and technologically. A smaller country is always suspicious to break out a war from bigger or powerful country. Hence, they maintain a balance of power to build up one’s military power together with economic and technological power-to protect one’s own security.

8. What are the objectives of military alliances? Give an example of a functioning military alliance with its specific objectives.
Answer: Objectives:
1. Alliance building is important component of traditional security to threats to deal between states and nations to deter or defend against military attacks.
2. Alliances are formalised in written treaties and identification of who constitutes the threats.
3. Alliances are formed to increase their effective power relative to another alliance.
4. Alliances are based on national interests and can change when national interest change. Example-The US backed the Islamic militants in Afghanistan against the Soviet Union in 1980s, but later attacked them when Al-Qaeda, a group of Islamic militants, led by Osama Bin Laden launched terrorist strikes against America on 11th September 2001.

9. Rapid environmental degradation is causing a serious threat to security. Do you agree with the statement? Substantiate your arguments.
Answer: Yes, we agree with the statement because in some situations one country may have to disproportionately bear the brunt of a global problem i.e. environmental degradation causing a serious threat to security, for example, due to global warming, a sea level rise of 1.5-2.0 meters would flood 20% of Bangladesh, inundate most of Maldives and threaten nearly half the population of Thailand, Hence, international cooperation is vital due to global nature of these problems.

10. Nuclear weapons as deterrence or defence have limited usage against contemporary security threats to states. Explain the statement.
Answer: Nuclear weapons have limited usage due to arms-control method of cooperation. One of the arms-control treaty was the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty (NPT) of 1968 to regulate the acquisition of nuclear weapons. As per this treaty those countries that had fasted and manufactured nuclear weapons before 1967 were allowed to keep their weapons and those that had not done so were to give up the right to acquire them. The NPT did not abolish nuclear weapons rather it limited the number of countries that could have them.

11. Looking at the Indian scenario, what type of security has been given priority in India, traditional or non-traditional? What examples could you cite to substantiate the arguments?
Answer: India has faced traditional (military) and non-traditional threats to its security that have emerged from within as well as outside its borders. Its security strategy has four broad components i e :
1. To strengthen its military capabilities because:
(a) India has been involved in conflict with its neighbours as Pakistan in 1947-48,1965,1971 and 1999 and China in 1962.
(b) In South Asian Region, India is
surrounded by nuclear armed countries. Hence India’s decision to conduct nuclear test in 1998 was justified to safeguard national security.
(c) India first tested nuclear device in 1974.
2. To strengthen international norms and international institutions:
(a) India’s first Prime Minister J.L. Nehru supported Asian solidarity, disarmament, decolonisation and the UN as a forum to settle down international conflict.
(b) India took initiatives to bring about a universal and non- discriminatory non-proliferation regime to enjoy some rights and obligations with respect to weapons of mass destruction.
(c) It used non-alignment to help to carve out an area of peace outside the blocs.
(d) India signed Kyoto Protocol in 1997 to be a part of roadmap for reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases to check global warming.
3. To meet security challenges within the country:
(a) Several militant groups from areas such as Nagaland, Mizoram, Punjab, Kashmir have sought to break away from India.
(b) India makes efforts to preserve national unity by adopting a democratic political system by providing freedom of speech and expression alongwith the right to vote.
4. To develop its economy:
(a) India develops the way to lift vast mass of citizens out of poverty, misery and huge economic inequalities.
(b) A democratically elected government is supposed to combine economic growth with human development without any demarcation between the rich and the poor.

12. Read the cartoon below and write a short note in favour or against the connection between war and terrorism depicted in this cartoon.

Answer: Terrorism is non-traditional threat to security as it is goal oriented political

MORE QUESTIONS SOLVED

Very Short Answer Type Questions [1 Mark]
1. Define security.
Answer: Security is an essence for existence of human life to protect from threats either external or internal.

2. What is meant by disarmament?
Answer: Disarmament bounds states to give up certain kinds of weapons to avoid mass- destruction through signing various treaties.

3. Mention any two human rights in political field. 
Answer: 1. Freedom of speech and expression.
2. Freedom to assemble in a peaceful manner.

4. Define cooperative security.
Answer: Cooperative security is the involvement of international cooperation depending on the nature of the threat and the willingness and ability of countries to respond.

5. Which is the greatest danger to a security as per traditional notion of security?
Answer: It is from military threats which lies in another country to endanger the core values of sovereignty, independence and territorial integration of a country.

6. Why human security is more important in the contemporary world than territorial security?weapon. It is a war against democracy and a crime against humanity:
1. Terrorism refers to political violence to target civilians deliberately and indiscriminately.
2. Civilians are targeted to be terrorised to use it as a weapon into this war.
3. Even, the US superpower could not escape itself from terrorism and it became a global phenomenon i.e. terrorist attack on World Trade Tower on 11th September 2001
Answer: Human security is about the protection of people more than protection of states because, during the last 100 years more people have been killed by their own governments than by foreign armies:
1. Protecting citizens from foreign attack
2. Security from violent threats
3. Security from threats to human dignity.

7. What is Global Security?
Answer: Global Security implies protection from threats which may have effect on people and states globally. It emerged in 1990 to respond global warming, terrorism, health epidemics etc.

8. What is Global Poverty?
Answer: Global Poverty signifies a condition available in the states to be suffered from low incomes and less economic growth i.e. developing or underdeveloped countries.

9. Is the same notion of security applicable to all the states?
Answer: All states do not experience the same threats at a time, hence security is grouped into two as per requirements:
(a) Traditional conception
(b) Non-traditional conception

Very Short Answer Type Questions [2 Marks]
1. Suggest any one effective step which would limit war or violence between countries.
Answer: An effective step may be in the form of cooperative security only that involves international cooperation which may be bilateral, regional, continental or global which depends on the nature of the threat and the willingness, and ability of countries to respond to limit war or violence cooperative security place at national and international levels.

2. Highlight any two threats of a country’s security at per traditional notion of security. 
Or
Explain traditional concept of security.
Answer: The “Traditional Notion of Security” covers both the external and internal threats of a country’s security. External threats consist of four components i.e. military threats, threat of war, balance of power, alliance building. Internal threats include maintenance of internal peace and order and recognise cooperative security to limit violence.

3. Write a note on Human Security.
Answer: Human Security refers to the protecting people more than protection of states which includes:
1. To protect citizens from foreign attack.
2. To secure people from violence.
3. To protect from individual economic threats.
4. To protect human dignity also.

4. What is military threat?
Answer: Military threat refers to military action from another country to endanger the core values of country’s sovereignty, independence, and territorial integrity.Military action often targets the men and women i.e. ordinary citizens.

5. Mention some human rights.
Answer: Human rights are the basic conditions which an individual is supposed to be entitled as a human being for all round
development. These rights have been categorised as follows:
1. Political rights
2. Freedom of speech and expression
3. Freedom to assemble in a peaceful manner.
4. Economic rights
5. Social and civil rights
6. Rights of indigenous minorities

6. Human security stresses on “freedom from want” and “freedom from fear”. Justify the statement.
Answer: 1. ‘Freedom from want’ refers to economic equality i.e. equal opportunity and economic privileges.
2. ‘Freedom from fear’ refers to protection from hunger, disease, natural disaster, military threats, genocide and terrorism.

7. Explain Non-traditional concept of security.
Answer: Non-traditional concept of security includes human and global security covering a wide range of threats affecting human existence:
1. It does not cover the states only but also the individual and communities.
2. It emphasises on security on nature of threat and right approach to deal with the threat.

Short Answer Type Questions [4 Marks]
1. Explain any four components of India’s security strategy.
Answer: (a) To strengthen its military capa¬bilities:
(i) India has been involved in conflicts with its neighbours as Pakistan in 1947-48,1965,1971, 1999 and China in 1962.
(ii) In South Asian region, India is surrounded by nuclear armed countries.
(b) To strengthen international norms and institutions:
(i) India’s first Prime Minister J.L. Nehru supported Asian solidarity, disarmament, decolonisation and the UN as a forum to settle down international conflict.
(ii) It used non-alignment to help to carry out an area of peace outside the blocs.
(c) To meet security challenges within country:
(i) Several militant groups from areas such as Nagaland, Mizoram, Punjab, Kashmir have sought to break away from India.
(ii) India has made efforts to preserve national unity by adopting a democratic political system by providing freedom of speech and expression alongwith the right to vote.
(d) To develop its economy:
(i) India develops the way to lift vast mass of citizens out of poverty, misery and huge economic inequalities.
(ii) A democraticallj^ elected government is supposed to combine economic growth with human development without any demarcation between the rich and the poor.

2. Identify and explain any four new sources of threats to security.
Answer: Four new sources of threats to security can be identified as follows:
1. Terrorism is a war against democracy and a crime against humanity. It refers to political violence that targets civilians deliberately and discriminately to use it as a weapon against national government. It has become a global phenomena because even superpower is not free from terrorist attacks.
2. Human rights are those basic conditions which an individual is supposed to enjoy as a human being. These rights include political rights, freedom of speech and expression, economic rights, social and civil rights and rights of indigenous people to lead as honourable and dignified life.
3. Global poverty refers to low economic growth, low national income and low standard of living of developing or least developed countries.
4. Health epidemics is a very serious threat to a country’s security because severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), HIV-AIDS, bird flue etc. diseases spread across countries through migration business, tourism and military operations.

3. How is global poverty a source of insecurity? Explain.
Answer.: Global poverty refers to low economic growth, low national income and low standard of living of developing or least developed countries. It is a source of insecurity because:
1. Half the world’s population growth occurs in just six countries- India, China, Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh and Indonesia, considered developing countries and even in poorest countries population is expected to triple in next 50 years.
2. Globally, this disparity contributes to the gap between the northern and southern countries of the world.
3. Poverty in south has also led a large migration to seek a better economic opportunities in the north.
4. All these created international political friction as international law and norms make a distinction between migrants and refugees as they do not get ready to accept migrants.

4. Which third weapon both the superpowers did not want to give up under the concept of disarmament?
Answer: Disarmament requires all states to give up certain kinds of weapons i.e. the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) and 1992 Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) banned the production and possession of these weapons. Despite the US and Soviet Union were not ready to give up the third type of weapons of mass-destruction namely nuclear weapons.

5. “The secure states do not imply the secure people in itself’. Examine the statement.
Answer: The secure states are supposed to protect their people from individual in security also rather the territorial security only. Hence they are required to provide security from foreign attack hunger, diseases and natural disasters etc. because it destructs the people rather more than a war.

Passage Based Questions [5 Marks]
1. Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions:
The US and Soviet’Union signed a number of other arms control treaties including the Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty II (SALT II) and the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START). The Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty (NPT) of 1968 was an arms control treaty in the sense that it regulated the acquisition of nuclear weapons, those countries that had tested and manufactured nuclear weapons before 1967 were allowed to keep their weapons and those that had not done so were to give up the right to acquire them. The NPT did not abolish nuclear weapons; rather, it limited the number of countries that could have them.

Questions
1. What is arms control treaty?
2. Was NPT an arms control treaty? Why?
3. What was the intention behind regulation of NPT?
Answer:
1. To regulate the acquisition or development of wTeapons among countries.
2. Yes, because it regulated the acquisition of nuclear weapons to protect world from large seat destruction.
3. It did not abolish nuclear weapons rather it limited the number of countries that could have them.

2. Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions:
Global poverty is another source of insecurity. World population-now at 650 crore-will reach 700 to 800 crore within 25 years and many eventually level out at 900 to 1000 crore. Currently, half the world’s population growth occurs in just six countries — India, China, Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh and Indonesia. Among the world’s poorest countries, population is expected to triple in next 50 years whereas many rich countries will see population shrinkage in that period, high per capita income and low population growth make rich states or rich social groups get richer, whereas low incomes and high population growth reinforce each other to make poor states and poor groups get poorer. puui O ta tco CUJ.IL puux gi u upo get puui d.

Questions
1. Name the countries expected to occur half the world’s population growth.
2. Mention two reasons to make rich states more richer.
3. What makes poor countries more poorer?
Answer:
1. India, China, Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh, Indonesia.
2. (i) High per capita income (ii) Low population growth.
3. Low income and high population growth.

Long Answer Type Questions [6 Marks]
1. What is meant by Security? Mention any four components of Indian security strategy.
Answer: At its most basic, security implies freedom from threats. Human existence and the life of a country are full of threats. We generally say that only those things that threaten ‘core values’ should be regarded as being of interest in discussions of security. Thus, security relates only to extremely dangerous threats — threats that could so endanger core values that those values would be damaged beyond repair if we did not do something to deal with the situation.
India’s security strategy has four broad components which have been used in a varying combination from time to time: (i) The first component was strengthening its military capabilities because India has been involved in conflicts with its neighbours — Pakistan in 1947-48, 1965, 1971 and 1999 and China in 1962. Since it is surrounded by nuclear-armed countries in the South Asian region, India’s decision to conduct nuclear tests in 1998 was justified by the Indian government in terms of safeguarding national security.
(ii) The second component of India’s
security strategy has been to strengthen international norms and international institutions to protect its security interests.
(iii) The third component of Indian security strategy is geared towards meeting security challenges within the country. Several militant groups from areas such as Nagaland, Mizoram, the Punjab and Kashmir among others have from time to time sought to break away from India. India has tried to preserve national unity by adopting a democratic political system.
(iv) There has been an attempt in India to develop its economy in a way that the vast mass of citizens are lifted out of poverty and misery and huge economic inequalities are not allowed to exist.

2. Give a comparative analysis of Indian expenditure on traditional and non- traditional security.
Answer: India spends more on traditional security than non-traditional because
(i) India has been involved in conflict with its neighbours as Pakistan in 1947-48, 1965, 1971 and 1999 and China in 1962.
(ii) In South Asian Region, India is surrounded by nuclear armed countries. Hence, India’s decision to conduct nuclear test in 1990 was justified to safeguard national security.
(iii) India’s first tested nuclear device in 1974.
Though India has made efforts to develop its economy and an individual’s security from poverty but still it is lagging behind even now and we are supposed to make more efforts.

3. Mention and explain the components and India’s security strategy. 
Answer: India has faced traditional military and non-traditional threats to its security that have emerged from within as well as outside its borders. Its security strategy has four broad components i.e.:
1. To Strengthen its Military Capa¬bilities:
Because:
(a) India has been involved in conflict with its neighbours, as Pakistan in 1947-48,1965,1971 and 1999 and China in 1962.
(b) In South Asian Region, India is surrounded by nuclear armed countries. Hence, India’s decision to conduct nuclear test in 1990 was justified to safeguard national security.
(c) India first tested nuclear device in 1974.
2. To Strengthen International Norms and International Institu¬tions:
(a) India’s first Prime Minister J.L. Nehru supported Asian solidarity, disarmament, decolonisation and the UN as a forum to settle down international conflict.
(b) India took initiatives to bring about a universal and non- discriminatory non-proliferation regime to enjoy same rights and obligations with respect to weapons of mass destruction.
(c) It used non-alignment to help to carve out an area of place outside the blocs.
(d) India signed Kyoto Protocol in 1997 to be a part of roadmap for reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases to check global warming.
3. To Meet Security Challenges
within the Country:
(a) Several militant groups from areas such as Nagaland, Mizoram, Punjab, Kashmir have sought to break away from India.
(b) India makes efforts to preserve national unity by adopting a democratic political system by providing freedom of speech and expression alongwith the right to vote.
4. To Develop its Economy:
(a) India develops the way to lift vast mass of citizens out of poverty, misery and huge economic inequalities.
(b) A democratically elected government is supposed to combine economic growth with human development without any demarcation between the rich and the poor.

4. Explain the areas of operation of non- traditional notion of security.
Answer: Non-traditional concept of security includes human and global security covering a wide range of threats affecting human existence:
1. It does not cover only the states but
also the individuals and communities also.
2. It emphasises on security on nature of threat and right approach to deal with the threat.
Its sources can be identified as follows:
1. Terrorism refers to political violence to target civilians deliberately and discriminately to use it as a weapon against national government.
2. Human Rights refer to basic conditions which an individual is supposed to enjoy as a human being as political rights, freedom of speech and expression, economic rights, social and civil rights to lead an honourable and dignified life.
3. Global poverty refers to low economic growth, low national income and low standard of living of developing or least developed countries.
4. Health epidemics is a very serious threat to country’s security because severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (ARS), HIV-AIDS, bird flue diseases spread across countries through migration, business, tourism and military operations.

5. Write a note on Arms control.
Answer: Arms control regulates the acquisition or development of weapons by adopting following measures:
1. The Anti Ballistic Missiles Treaty in 1992 stopped the US and Soviet Union from using ballistic missiles to limit large scale production.
2. Other arms control treaties were also signed i.e. Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START), Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty and Nuclear non-proliferation treaty (NPT) to limit the weapons which many bring large scale destruction.
3. NPT regulated the acquisition of nuclear weapons in 1968.
4. NPT did not abolish nuclear weapons rather it limited number of countries that could have them.

Picture Based Questions [5 Marks]
1. Study the picture given below and answer the questions that follow:

Questions
1. What does the cartoon represent?
2. What does the pigeon and man with goods symbolise?
3. What message does the cartoon convey?
Answer:
1. The movement of Peace Keeping Force i.e. pigeon (White) a symbol of peace and an army personnel is flying it.
2. Pigeon symbolises peace and a man with goods to maintain peace at a place where threat has occurred.
3. Peace Keeping Forces are also supposed to bear arms to initiate peace.

2.Study the picture given below and answer the questions as that follow:

Questions
1. What does the cartoon represent?
2. Is it any different from our country?
3. What message does this cartoon convey?
Answer:
1. The US’s massive expenditure of defence and lack of money for peace related issues.
2. Our country spends a lot on peaceful initiations first as well as make efforts to find out a peaceful solution first.
3. This cartoon conveys message that the countries are ready to spend on military rather than on peaceful initiation.

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 

Political Science 

Chapter 7 

Federalism 

Class 11 Political Science Chapter 7 NCERT Textbook Questions Solved 

Question 1. From the list of following events which ones would you identify with the functioning of federalism? Why? 1. The Centre on Tuesday announced Sixth Schedule status to GNLF-led Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council, which would ensure greater autonomy to the governing body in the Hill district of West Bengal. A tripartite Memorandum of Settlement was signed in New Delhi between, the Centre, West Bengal government and the Subhas Ghising-led Gorkha National Liberation Front (GNLF) after two days of hectic deliberations. 2. Government for action plan for rain-hit states: Centre has asked the rain-ravaged States to submit detailed plans for reconstruction to enable it to respond to their demands for extra relief expeditiously. 3. New Commissioner for Delhi: The Capital is getting a new municipal commissioner. Confirming this, present MCD Commissioner Rakesh Mehta said he has received his transfer orders and that he is likely to be replaced by IAS officer Ashok Kumar, who is serving as the Chief Secretary in Arunachal Pradesh: Mehta, a 1975 batch IAS officer, has been heading the MCD for about three-and-a-half years. 4. CU Status for Manipur University: Rajya Sabha on Wednesday passed a Bill to convert the Manipur University into a Central University with the Human Resource Development Minister promising such institutions in the North Eastern States of Arunachal Pradesh, Tripura and Sikkim as well. 5. Funds released: The Centre has released ? 553 lakh to Arunachal Pradesh under its rural water supply scheme. The first instalment was of? 466.81 lakh. 6. We’ll teach the Biharis how to live in Mumbai: Around 100 Shiv Sainiks stormed J. J. Hospital, disrupted daily operations, raised slogans and threatened to take matters into their own hands if no action was taken against non-Maharashtrian students. 7. Demand for dismissal of Government: The Congress Legislature Party (CLP) in a representation submitted to State Governor recently, has demanded dismissal of the ruling Democratic Alliance of Nagaland (DAN) government for its alleged financial mismanagement and embezzlement of public money. 8. NDA government asks Naxalites to surrender arms: Amid a walkout by opposition RJD and its allies Congress and CPI (M), the Bihar government today appealed to the Naxalites to shun the path of violence and reaffirmed its pledge to root out unemployment to usher in a new era of development in Bihar. Answer: 1. The very much fact that the State concerned, i.e. West Bengal was appointed as a party to the settlement marks the event as a manifestation of working of federalism. 2. It throws light on the sensitivity of the centre which wants to provide help to the rain- ravaged states to sort out their problems. Hence, it can be identified as federalism. 3. It shows the transfer of an officer from one place to another, showing federalism. 4. In the constitution of India, education-subject comes under the concurrent list to strengthen federation by establishing central institutes to be identified as a functioning of federalism. 5. This is also federalism because centre releases funds for States under its rural water supply scheme. (Arunachal Pradesh). 6. This cannot be identified as federalism because the act of Shiv Sainiks does not promote fraternity, cooperation or mutual trust and respect. 7. This identifies the federalism. 8. This is a function of state government. Question 2. Think which of the following statements would be correct. State why. 1. Federalism enhances the possibility of people from different regions to interact without the fear of one’s culture being imposed upon them by others. 2. Federal system will hinder easier economic transaction between two different regions that have distinct types of resources. 3. A federal system will ensure that the powers of those at the centre will remain limited. Answer: 1. This is correct because the federal government distributes the power between the central government and the state government and local self-government. 2. This statement is not correct because the resources are of distinct type and federalism gives impetus to the economic transaction among different regions. 3. This is correct because federalism refers more powers to the constituent units of federation. Question 3. Based on the first few articles of Belgian constitution given below, explain how federalism is visualized in that country. Try and write a similar Article for the Constitution of India. Title I: On Federal Belgium, its components and its territory. 1. Article 1 : Belgium is a Federal State made up of communities and regions. 2. Article 2 : Belgium is made up of three communities: The French Community, the Flemish Community and the German Community. 3. Article 3 : Belgium is made up of three regions: The Walloon region, the Flemish region and the Brussels region. 4. Article 4 : Belgium has four linguistic regions: The French-speaking region, the Dutch-speaking region, the bilingual region of Brussels Capital and the German-speaking region. Each commune (county borough) of the Kingdom is a part of one of these linguistic regions 5. Article 5: The Walloon region is made up of the following provinces: The Walloon Brabant, Hainault, Liege, Luxemburg and Namur. The Flemish region is made up of the following provinces: Antwerp, the Flemish Brabant, West Flanders, East Flanders and Limburg. Answer: 1. Article (1): It says that India shall be a union of States. 2. Article (2): India aspires to be a society free from caste discrimination but seats in each province have been distributed among the communities of Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs and General. 3. Article (3): India is a union of 29 states and seven union territories. As per Article (1) of constitution of India: India, shall be a union of states. The states and union territories shall be specified in the first schedule. 4. Article (4): The eighth schedule of the constitution of India describes 18 different languages: Hindi Kashmiri Gujarati Bengali Assamese Konkani Malyalam Manipuri Punjabi Urdu Sanskrit Sindhi Tamil Telugu Marathi Nepali Kannada Oriya to be spoken in different regions of India. 5. Article (5): As per Article (1) (2) states that states and the union territories shall be specified in the first schedule. Question 4. Imagine that you were to rewrite the provisions regarding federalism. Write an essay of not more than 300 words making your suggestions about: (a) division of powers among the center and the States, (b) distribution of financial resources, (c) methods of resolving inter-State disputes and (d) appointment of Governors Answer: Federalism is an institutional mechanism to accommodate two sets of politics one-at the national level and the other at the regional level: (a) Division of powers: The powers are distributed between the central government and the state governments. The constitution demarcates the subjects clearly in the lists. The disputes are settled by the judiciary. The economic and the financial powers have been centralised to the central government. (b) Distribution of financial resources: Some certain taxes are levelled by the center but are collected by the states, i.e. stamp duty and the taxes on production of medicines and cosmetic preparations. Some certain taxes are levied and collected by the center and are distributed among the states, i.e. succession of property other than agricultural land, terminal taxes on goods and passengers carried by railway, sea and air, taxes on railways freights and fare, taxes on newspaper, etc. The taxes which are levied and collected by the center but are distributed between the center and the states, i.e. income tax on the income other than agricultural land on the recommendation of the finance commission. Bihar, Odisha, West Bengal and Assam have been given grants in lieu of export duty on jute and jute products. (c) Methods of resolving inter-state dispute: An inter-state committee can be established by the Parliament if it thinks it to be fit. This committee enquirers into the dispute and submits its report and recommendations to the Parliament. Example: Haryana and Punjab dispute on Chandigarh Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat have dispute over sharing of water of Narmada river. (d) Appointment of Governors: The Governors of the states are appointed by the President of India on the advice of Council of Ministers at center. He enjoys the power to remove them also. Hence, the Governors work as the representatives of the central Government in the state who inform the center about the condition of the states if required. Question 5. Which of the following should be the basis for formation of a State? Why? (a) Common language (b) Common economic interests (c) Common religion (d) Administrative convenience Answer: In a federation different states are formed on the basis of common language they speak. Hence, federation is the unity in diversity. But, the administrative convenience should be the based for formation of states to develop a culture of mutual trust, tolerance and cooperation. Question 6. Majority of people from the States of north India—Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar—speak Hindi. If all these States are combined to form one State, would it be in tune with the idea of federalism? Give arguments. Answer: Federalism is an institutional mechanism to accommodate two seats of politics-one at the national level and the other at the regional level. If all the Hindi speaking regions of India, i.e. Rajasthan, U.P., M.P., Bihar, Gujarat are combined then there would be only a unitary or single unit, this cannot be called a federation. Question 7. List four features of the Indian Constitution that give greater power to the central government than the State government. Answer: Strong centre: Various subjects have been demarcated in the division of lists, i.e. union list—97 subjects, states list-66 and concurrent list-47 subjects. All the subjects, which have national importance, included in the union list. In case of any conflict on the subjects of concurrent list, the saying of the central government is important, rather than state government. When an emergency is imposed on the nation or partially, then the central government is empowered to frame the laws on the subjects mentioned in the state list. The emergency powers: During the declaration of national emergency, the government is changed to a unitary form, from a federation. Hence, the central government exercises the legislative and executive power of the state but state legislature or executive are not dissolved. If emergency is declared in a particular state due to failure of constitutional machinery there, the legislative powers goes into the hands of the center and the executive power goes in the hands of the President. In case of declaration of financial emergency by the President, the center is again authorized to issue directions concerning the economy of the state and they will obey it. 3. Financial dependance of the states on centre: The centre enjoys more resources for revenue rather than the states. The states can get loan from the centre if required. The states apply for grants-in-aid from the centre. Hence, states are dependent on the centre financially. 4. Appointment of Governors: The Governor is the head of the state as well as an agent of the central government. He is appointed by the President of India and remains in the office till the pleasure of the President. Hence, Governors act according to the wishes of the central government. Question 8. Why are many States unhappy about the role of the Governor? Answer: The role of Governor is referred to as an interference by the central government inthe functioning of the state government, hence it becomes controversial. This controversy becomes much more if the power vests in the different lands at the centre and the state. As per Article 356, the Governor exercises the power to recommend the dissolution of state assembly. Examples The central governments dismissed the elected governments in Andhra Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir in 1980’s. In Bihar also, state assembly was dissolved on the recommendation of the Governor in 2005. Though it was later pronounced unconstitutional. Due to these practices of Governor, the states remain unhappy with them. Question 9. President’s rule can be imposed in a State if the government is not being run according to the provisions of the Constitution. State whether any of the following conditions are a fit case for imposition of President’s rule in the State. Give reasons. 1. Two members of the State legislative assembly belonging to the main opposition party have been killed by criminals and the opposition is demanding dismissal of the State government. 2. Kidnapping of young children for ransom is on rise. The number of crimes against women are increasing. 3. No political party has secured majority in the recent elections of the State Legislative Assembly. It is feared that some MLAs from the other parties may be lured to support a political party in return for money. 4. Different political parties are ruling in the State and at the center and they are bitter opponents of each other. 5. More than 2000 people have been killed in the communal riots. 6. In the water dispute between the two States, one State government refused to follow the decision of the Supreme Court. Answer: 1. This circumstance does not show the failure of constitutional machinery, hence the President’s rule cannot be declared under Article 356. 2. This circumstance does not imply failure of constitutional machinery, hence, President’s rule cannot be imposed. 3. It does not imply to impose the President’s rule. 4. Two parties are ruling in the State and at the Center is the federalism, though they may be bitter opponents to each other but it is not the situation to impose President’s rule. 5. It is a fit circumstance for the imposition of President’s rule because it has created a grave law and order problem in the state, hence, it shows the failure of constitutional machinery. 6. It is a fit position to declare President’s rule because no state can go beyond the decision of the Supreme Court and if any state is doing this it means the administration is not being carried out as per the provisions of the constitution. Question 10. What are the demands raised by the States in their quest for greater autonomy? Answer: Different states and political parties have adopted different methods to demand more autonomy: State demanded independent sources of revenue, i.e. Punjab and Tamil Nadu for greater financial powers. Demand to enjoy residual powers by the State as States feel themselves weak and feel their interests to be horned. Demand to enjoy some greater powers to legislate laws on the subjects mentioned in the State list. States demand autonomy on the cultural and linguistic issues. Question 11. Should some States be governed by special provisions? Does this create resentment among other States? Does this help in forging greater unity among the regions of the country? Answer: Some States feel resentment among other States if some States are granted the special provision by the constitution: Under Article 370, Jammu and Kashmir enjoys more autonomous powers rather than the other States. Most of the special provisions pertain to the north-eastern states like Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Assam, Nagaland, etc. due to sizeable indigineous tribal population with a distinct history and culture, which they wish to retain under Article 371. Even some hill States like Himachal Pradesh and some other States like Maharashtra, Goa, Sikkim, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh also enjoy some special provisons. Some differences in case of division of the part of Uttar Pradesh in Uttarakhand, where the people can purchase agricultural land in Uttar Pradesh also but the people from Uttar Pradesh cannot purchase in Uttarakhand, createsresentment among the poeple. Hence, the other States demand the division of power in a common manner to all. This forges unity in diversity due to single citizenship and single judiciary in country. Class 11 Political Science Chapter 7 NCERT Extra Questions Solved Class 11 Political Science Chapter 7 NCERT Very Short Answer Type Questions Question 1. What is federalism? Answer: Federalism is an institutional mechanism to accommodate two sets of politics one at the national level and the other at the regional level. Question 2. When and how did federation come into existence? Answer: The federation in India has come into existence by the integration of independent princely states into British provinces. Question 3. Which two countries have faced the disintegration after 1970? Answer: USSR (Now Russia) Czecoslovakia Yugoslavia Pakistan Question 4. Mention any three federal features of the Indian Constitution. Answer: Rigid Constitution Written Constitution Division of Powers Question 5. How many languages are there in India? Answer: 20 major languages and several hundred dialects. Question 6. How have the powers been distributed in the federation of India? Answer: The Constitution of India has provided the various lists of powers, i.e. The central, state and concurrent list. The central list contains 97 subjects of national importance, state list (66) of state subjects and concurrent list contain 47 subjects on which both can frame laws. Question 7. What are the factors which make a federalism successful? Answer: A written constitution. An independent judiciary. Cooperation and mutual trust. Political parties. A clear distribution of powers in various lists. Question 3. Mention some unitary features of the Constitution of India. Answer: Division of power has gone in the favour of central government only which consists of 97 subjects in the union list. Every individual living in India enjoys single citizenship, i.e. Indian only. The governors of states are appointed by the President only and they remain in the office till the pleasure of central government. Question 4. What is the role of judiciary in federalism of India? Answer: An independent judiciary has been set up to settle the disputes between the centre and the state government. Judiciary enjoys the powers to resolve the disputes between the central government and the state government, if any problem arises on legal matters and division of powers. Class 11 Political Science Chapter 7 NCERT Short Answer Type Questions Question 1. Justify that Constitution of India is a combination of federal and unitary forms of government. Answer: The Constitution of India is federal in form but unitary in spirit because it possesses the following provisions: The distribution of powers between the centre and the state has been made very clear through various lists. The independent judiciary is known as the guardian of the constitution to determine either the laws implemented are in the limit of constitution or not. The constitution of India is rigid on the one hand but flexible also on the other hand as per provisions made for amendments. Question 2. Mention some features of federal government. Answer: Federal form of government is the distribution of powers between the center and state and to let it work under their own spheres without any under interference: There are two sets of polities—one at the national level and the other at the regional level. And every government is autonomous in its own spheres. It combines the national unity along with the autonomy of local bodies. It works as a custodian to the weaker states to protect them from stronger states. An independent judiciary has been set up to settle the disputes. A written constitution contains the details of proper distribution of powers and is the supreme in India. Hence, federal government establishes unity in diversity which accommodates all the diversities in it. Question 3. Can Union Parliament frame laws on the subjects mentioned in the state list? Explain. Answer: Yes, Union Parliament or central government can frame the laws on the subjects mentioned in the state list in the following circumstances: If any subject has been referred to the central government as the subject of national importance by Rajya Sabha through a resolution passed by 2/3 majority of members present and voting. Under Article 252, if two or more states desire to frame laws by the central government. In case, if emergency is imposed due to war and external or internal aggression or President’s rule has been declared in the state. Also, in order to implement some international treaty or convention, etc. Question 4. Explain the financial relations between the union and the states. Answer: Some certain taxes are levied by center and collected by the state, i.e. stamp duty and the taxes on production of medicines, etc. Taxes are levied and collected by the parliament but are distributed among the states, i.e. terminal taxes, taxes on interstate trade and commerce and duties on succession of property other than agricultural land. Certain taxes are levied and collected by the center but these are distributed between the center and the state both, i.e. income tax. Article 273 contains the provisions regarding the grants provided to the states by the central government, out of consolidated fund of India. The states of Assam, West Bengal, Bihar and Oidssa have been given grants in lieu of export duty on jute and jute products as well. A finance commission is appointed by the President of India after every five years which makes recommendations on the financial matters to be referred by the President. Class 11 Political Science Chapter 7 NCERT Passage-Based Questions Passage 1. Read the passage (NCERT Textbook, page 169) given below carefully and answer the questions that follow: Broadly, two types of disputes keep recurring. One is the border dispute. States have certain claims over territories belonging to neighbouring States. Though language is the basis of defining boundaries of the States, often border areas would Jiave populations speaking more than one language. So, it is not easy to resolve this dispute merely on the basis of linguistic majority. One of the long standing border disputes is the dispute between Maharashtra and Karnataka over the city of Belgaum. Manipur and Nagaland too, have a long-standing border dispute. The carving out of Haryana from the erstwhile State of Punjab has led to dispute between the two States not only over border areas, but over the capital city of Chandigarh. This city today houses the capital of both these States. In 1985, the then Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi reached an understanding with the leadership of Punjab. According to this understanding, Chandigarh was to be handed over to Punjab. But this has not happened yet. Questions: 1. Mention any two types of disputes between states. 2. On v/hich city have Maharashtra and Karnataka a dispute? 3. Name the leader who reached an agreement/understanding with Punjab and when. 4. What was the agreement? Answers: 1. Border dispute Sharing of river water 2. Belgaum 3. The then Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi in 1985. 4. To hand over Chandigarh to Punjab. Passage 2. Read the passage (NCERT Textbook, page 171) given below carefully and answer the questions that follow: Most of the Muslim majority States joined Pakistan but J&K was an exception. Under these circumstances, it was given much greater autonomy by the Constitution. According to Article 370, the concurrence of the State is required for making any laws in matters mentioned in the Union and Concurrent lists. This is different from the position of other States. In the case of other States, the division of powers as listed through the three lists automatically applies. In the case of Jammu and Kashmir, the central government has only limited powers and other powers listed in the Union List and Concurrent List can be used only with the consent of the State government. This gives the State of Jammu and Kashmir gTeater autonomy. Questions: 1. Under which Article of constitution, J&K has been considered exceptional? 2. What is this exception? 3. How does J&K exercise this autonomy? Answers: 1. Article 370 2. The state of Jammu and Kashmir enjoys some greater autonomy than other states. 3. In the case of Jammu and Kashmir, the central government has only limited powers and other listed in union list and concurrent list can be used only with the consent of state government. Class 11 Political Science Chapter 7 NCERT Long Answer Type Questions Question 1. Legislative powers have been distributed between the central and state government. Justify. Answer: Legislative relations between the central and state government have been distributed through the various lists, i.e. the union list, state list and concurrent list: 1. The union list: The union list contains 98 subjects after 42nd amendment, (Previously had 97) On these, subjects, only central government can frame or implement laws. These subjects are of national importance and equally applicable to citizens of India. Its examples are defence, foreign affairs, railways, peace and war, communication, etc. 2. The state list: This list contains 66 subjects after 42nd amendment (Previously were 62) On these subjects, only states can legislate the laws. These subjects are of state importance. Its examples are police, education, public health, law and order, local-self government, etc. 3. Concurrent list: This list contains 52 subjects after 42nd amendment. (Previously were 47) Both the central and state governments can implement laws the subjects. Its examples are marriage, divorce, electricity, price control, etc. 4. Residuary powers: To make the center very strong, the residuary powers have been given to the central government only. 5. Union government can implement laws on the subjects of state list: At the resolution of Rajya Sabha by 2/3 majority which has declared any subject of national importance. If two or more states request the union government to enact law on particular subject. If emergency has been proclaimed either on the basis of failure of constitutional machinery or war, external or internal aggression and armed revolt. Question 2. What is the administrative relationship between the central and state government in India? Explain. Answer: The central government is empowered to give directions to the state government if it feels that any law has become a hindrance in the functioning of central government of any law has not been executed very well. The governors of the states are appointed by the central government only who works as an agent between the centre and the state. The governor informs about the functioning of the state to the central government, and council of ministers reserves the right to remove him also. The parliament establishes an inter-state council also to enquire into the inter-state disputes, to submit recommendations, and to consider the common interest. If an emergency is proclaimed, due to external or internal aggression or war or failure of constitutional machinary, all the powers are vested into the hands of central government to implement the laws on the subjects mentioned in the state list. Class 11 Political Science Chapter 7 NCERT Picture-Based Questions 1. Read the cartoon (NCERT Textbook, page 165) given below and answer the questions that follow: NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 7 Federalism Picture Based Questions Q1 Questions: 1. Identify the person making an appeal. 2. What appeal is being made by him? 3. What message does the cartoon convey? Answers: 1. Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru 2. To show greater tolerance towards other languages also. 3. Autonomy demands may be related to cultural and linguistic issues because some states feel that there is a domination of Hindi speaking areas over others. 2. Read the cartoon (NCERT Textbook, page 167) given below and answer the questions that follow: NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 7 Federalism Picture Based Questions Q2 Questions: 1. What message does the cartoon convey? 2. How did it happen? 3. When was the states reorganization commission set up? Answers: 1. Demand for new states. 2. During the national movement, it was decided that as far as possible states would be created on the basis of common cultural and linguistic identity. 3. In December 1953. Political Science Class 11 NCERT Solutions