NCERT Solutions Social Science History Chapter 2 Class 9th

NCERT Solutions Social Science History Chapter 2 Class 9th

Page No: 48

Questions

1. What were the social, economic and political conditions in  Russia before 1905? 

Answer 

The Social, economic and political conditions in Russia before  1905 was backward:  

→ Social Conditions: 85% of Russia's population was 

agriculturist. Industry was existent, but rarely in which most of  was privately owned. Workers were divided on the basis of  

their occupation. They mainly migrated to cities for  employment in factories. The peasant community was deeply religious, but did not care much about the nobility. They  believed that land must be divided amongst themselves.  

→ Economic Condition: Russia was going through bad period 

economically. Prices of essential good rises while real wages 

decreased by 20% leading to the famous St.Petersburg strike 

This strike started a series of events that are together known 

as the 1905 Revolution. During this revolution, there were 

strikes all over the country, universities closed down, and various professionals and workers established the Union of 

Unions, demanding the establishment of a constituent 

assembly. 

→ Political Condition: Political parties were illegal before 

1914. The Russian Social Democratic Workers Party was 

founded in 1898 by socialists who respected Marx’s ideas. In 

1903, this party was divided into two groups - Mensheviks 

and  Bolsheviks. The Bolsheviks, who were in majority, were led by  Lenin who is regarded as the greatest thinker on socialism after Marx.  

2. In what ways was the working population in Russia different 

from other countries in Europe, before 1917?

Answer 

The working population in Russia was different from other  countries in Europe before 1917 because not all Russian  workers migrated from the villages to work in the industrial 

sector. Some of them continued to live in villages and went to work daily, to the towns. They were a divided group, socially and professionally, and this showed in their dress and manners  too. Metal workers were the "aristocrats" of the working class  because their occupation demanded more training and skill. Nevertheless, the working population was united on one front - strikes against work conditions and employer tyranny.  

3. Why did the Tsarist autocracy collapse in 1917?

Answer 

The Tsar first dismissed the initial two Dumas and then packed 

the parliament with the conservatives. During the First World  War, the Tsar took decision without consulting the Duma. Large  scale casualties of Russian soldiers in the war further alienated  the people from the Tsar. Burning of crops and buildings by the  retreating Russian armies created huge shortage of food in  Russia. All of these led to the collapse of the Tsarist autocracy in 1917.  

4. Make two lists: one with the main events and the effects of 

the February Revolution and the other with the main events 

and effects of the October Revolution. Write a paragraph on 

who was involved in each, who were the leaders and what 

was the impact of each on Soviet history.

Answer 

February Revolution:

→ 22nd February: Factory lockout on the right bank took place, 

→ 25th February: Duma was dissolved. 

→ 27th February: Police Headquarters ransacked. Regiments  support the workers. 

Formation of Soviet.  

→ 2nd March: The Tsar abdicated his power. The Soviet and 

Duma leaders formed a Provisional Government for Russia. The  February Revolution had no political party at its forefront. It  was led by the people themselves. Petrograd had brought  down the monarchy, and thus, gained a significant place in  Soviet history. Trade Unions grew in number.  

October Revolution: 

→ 16th October: A Military Revolutionary Committee was 

appointed by Soviet. 

→ 24th October: The uprising against provisional government 

begins. Military Revolutionary Committee controls the city by 

night and ministers surrender. The Bolshevik gained power. The 

October Revolution was primarily led by Lenin and his  subordinate Trotskii, and involved the masses who supported these leaders. It marked the beginning of Lenin's rule over the Soviet, with the Bolsheviks under his guidance.  

5. What were the main changes brought about by the  Bolsheviks immediately after the October Revolution?

Answer 

The main changes which were brought about by the Bolsheviks immediately after the October Revolution: 

→ Banks  and Industries were nationalised.  

→ Land was declared social property, thereby allowing 

peasants to seize it from the nobility. 

→ In urban areas, houses were partitioned according to family 

requirements 

→ Old aristocratic titles were banned, and new uniforms were 

designed for the army and the officials. 

→ New uniforms were introduced for the army and the 

officials. 

6. Write a few lines to show what you know about:

(i) Kulaks

(ii) The Duma

(iii) Women workers between 1900 and 1930.

(iv) The Liberals.

(v) Stalin’s collectivization programme.

Answers-

(i) It is the Russian term for wealthy peasants who Stalin believed were hoarding grains to gain more profit. By 1927-28 the towns of Soviet Russia were facing an acute problem of grain supplies. Kulaks were thought to be partly responsible for  this. Also to develop modern farms and run them along  industrial lines the Party under the leadership of Stalin thought it was necessary to eliminate Kulaks. 

(ii) During 1905 Revolution, the Tsar allowed the creation of an elected consultative parliament in Russia. This elected  consultative parliament in Russia was called Duma.  

(iii) They made up 31% of the factory labour force by 1914, but were paid almost half and three-quarters of the wages given to men. However, interestingly, it were the women workers who led the way to strikes during the February Revolution. 

(iv) They espoused a nation that was tolerant towards all religions; one that would protect individual rights against the government. Although the liberals wanted an elected  parliamentary form of governance, they believed that the right to vote must only belong to men, and that too the ones who  were property holders.

(v) Stalin believed that collectivization of agriculture would help in improving grains supplies in Russia. He began collectivization in 1929. All peasants were forced to cultivate in  collective farms(kolhoz). The bulk of land and implements  

were transferred to the ownership of collective farm. Many  peasants protested such attempts and destroyed livestock to show their anger. Collectivization did not bring the desired results in the food supply situation turned even worse in subsequent years.

 

NCERT Solutions Social Science History Chapter 1 Class 9th

NCERT Solutions – Social Science 

History 

Chapter 1

Exercise Page No. 24

1. Describe the circumstances leading to the outbreak of revolutionary protest in France.

Answer: When King Louis XVI was anointed as the new king, he found an empty treasury. Long years of war had drained the financial resources of France. On top of this, there was the cost of maintaining an extravagant court at the Palace of Versailles. France had helped the thirteen American colonies gain their independence from their common enemy, Britain. The war added more than a billion lives to a debt that had already risen to more than 2 billion lives. Lenders who gave credit began to charge 10 per cent interest on loans. So the French Government had to spend an increasing percentage of its budget on interest payments alone. To meet its regular expenses, such as cost of maintaining an army, the court, governmental offices and Universities were increasingly becoming difficult. Raising taxes did not suffice, because the French society was divided into 3 estates and only the 3rd estate had to pay taxes. The 1st estate and the 2nd estate did not pay any taxes. The population of France was also growing massively. This led to a rapid increase in the demand for food grains. Production of grains could not keep pace with demand. So the price of bread, which was the staple diet of the majority rose rapidly. Most workers were employed as labourers in workshops, whose owner fixed their wages. But the wages did not keep pace with the rise in prices. So the gap between the rich and the poor widened. All these factors led to the outbreak of the French Revolution.

2. Which groups of French society benefited from the revolution? Which groups were forced to relinquish power? Which sections of society would have been disappointed with the outcome of the revolution?

Answer: French society was divided into 3 estates. The third estate benefitted the most. The third estate consisted of Peasants, artisans, Small peasants, landless labour, servants, big businessmen, merchants, court officials, lawyers etc. The groups that were forced to relinquish power were the people belonging to the 1st and 2nd estate. These people had enjoyed certain privileges by birth. With the revolution, the people in 1st and 2nd estate lost their privileges. Because inequality was one of the root causes of the revolution, the revolution tried to bring equality to society.

3. Describe the legacy of the French Revolution for the peoples of the world during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

Answer: The ideas of liberty and democratic rights are the most important legacies of the French revolution. These spread from France to the rest of Europe during the nineteenth century, where feudal systems were abolished. Colonised people reworked the idea of freedom from bondage into their movements to create a sovereign nation-state. Tipu Sultan and Ram Mohan Roy are two examples of individuals who responded to the ideas originating from Revolutionary France.

4. Draw up a list of democratic rights we enjoy today whose origins could be traced to the French Revolution.

Answer: The list of democratic rights are-

Freedom of speech

Freedom of expression

Freedom of press

Abolition of censorship

Right to vote

Abolition of slavery

Right to liberty

Right to property

Right to security

Right to education

Divorce laws

5. Would you agree with the view that the message of universal rights was beset with contradictions? Explain.

Answer: Though it says ‘Universal Rights’, women were unfortunately left out from the basic rights that were promised. They did not have equal rights that men enjoyed. They did not have the right to liberty, property, security and above all, the resistance to oppression. In the formulation of laws, women did not have any representation. Women were not entitled to all the honours and public employment, according to their abilities.

 

6. How would you explain the rise of Napoleon?

Answer: Napoleon Bonaparte crowned himself Emperor of France. He started conquering neighbouring countries by waging wars against them. He saw himself as a moderniser of Europe. He introduced many laws, such as the protection of private property and a uniform system of weights and measures provided by the decimal system. Many of his measures carried the revolutionary ideas of liberty and modern laws to the other parts of Europe. This had a positive impact on people long after he was dethroned as an emperor when he was finally defeated in the Battle of Waterloo.

French Revolution Summary

Monarchy of France was ended by the French revolution. A society based on privileges gave way to a new system of governance. Students will read the nature of French society in the mid-19th century.

You must know the following topics-

1. The Outbreak of the Revolution

France becomes a constitutional monarchy

2. France Abolishes Monarchy and Becomes a Republic

3. The struggle to survive

How a subsistence crisis happens. A growing middle class envisages an end to privileges

4. Did Women have a Revolution?

The Abolition of Slavery. 

The list of democratic rights that have been originated from the French Revolution are:

1. Freedom of speech

2. Freedom of expression

3. Freedom of press

4. Abolition of censorship

5. Right to vote

6. Abolition of slavery

7. Right to liberty

8. Right to property

9. Right to security

10. Right to education

11. Divorce laws

The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Class 10 CBSE History NCERT Solutions

The Rise of Nationalism in Europe CBSE History NCERT Solutions

Question 1(a)

Write a note on Guiseppe Mazzini.

Solution:

Giuseppe Mazzini (1807-1872) was an Italian politician, journalist and activist for the unification of Italy and spearheaded the Italian revolutionary movement. His efforts helped bring about the independent and unified Italy in place of several separate states, many dominated by foreign powers.

He also helped define the modern European movement for popular democracy in a republican state.

Mazzini was a fervent advocate of republicanism and envisioned a united, free and independent Italy.

Unlike his contemporary Garibaldi, who was also a republican, Mazzini never compromised his republican ideas and refused to swear an oath of allegiance to the House of Savoy.

Mazzini was the spiritual force of the Italian resurrection. He joined the Carbonari, a revolutionary organisation and was arrested in 1830. He was sent into exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria. He subsequently founded two more underground societies, first – Young Italy in Marseilles and then Young Europe in Berne, whose members were like- minded young men from Poland, France, Italy and the German states.

Mazzini believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind. So Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of small states and kingdoms. It had to be forged into a single unified republic within a wider alliance of nations. This unification alone could be the basis of Italian liberty. Mazzini was in favour of a republic because he thought sovereignity resides essentially in the people and can only completely express itself in that form. Mazzini’s relentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of democratic republics frightened the conservatives. Metternich described him as ‘the most dangerous enemy of our social order’.

Young Italy’ attempted many insurrections but were unsuccessful. Mazzini failed in his objects because he himself lacked some of the qualities of practical leadership. He underestimated the strength of the opposition. But in spite of these drawbacks he is one of the chief makers of Italy. He was responsible for the growth of patriotism for a country that existed as yet only in the imagination.

Question 1(b)

Write a note on Count Camillo de Cavour.

Solution:

Cavour was a realist who practiced realistic politics. He allied with France when necessary and with France’s key enemy, Prussia, was necessary.

Cavour used international power to achieve his domestic goals.

He devoted himself to the liberation of northern Italy from Austrian domination. A brilliant and steadfast diplomat, he played a leading role in the unification of Italy.

He was distrustful of the reactionary politics in force throughout Europe, particularly their manifestation in the repressive rule of Austria over a large area of Italy.

He became Prime Minister of Piedmont in 1852. He reorganized its army and it achieved rapid growth in material prosperity. Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France, Sardinia-Piedmont succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859.

Apart from regular troops, a large number of armed volunteers under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi joined the fight. In 1860, they marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of Two Sicilies and with the support of the local peasants drove out the Spanish rulers. Thus, Cavour was ultimately successful in the unification of Italy under King Victor Emmanuel II. He, however, died on June 6, 1861, before the completion of the unification of Italy in 1870. Although Cavour was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat he played an important role in the unification of Italy.

Write a note on The Greek war of independence.

Solution:

The Greek war of independence, also known as the Greek Revolution was a successful war of~m dependence waged by the Greek revolutionaries between 1821 and 1832 against the Ottoman Empire. The Greeks were later assisted by the Russian Empire, Great Britain, France and several other European powers, while the Ottomans were aided by their vassals, Egypt, Algeria etc.

Events: Greece had been part of the Ottoman Empire since the 15th century. The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe sparked off a struggle for independence among st the Greeks which began in 1821.

The object of the struggle was to expel Turks from Europe and to establish old Greek eastern empire.

Nationalists in Greece were supported by other Greeks living in exile and many West European countries.

Poets and artists lauded Greece as the cradle of European civilisation. They mobilised public opinion to support its struggle against a Muslim empire. The English poet Lord Byron organised funds and later went to fight in the war.

Ultimately, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation. Its independence was guaranteed by Russia, England and France.

Question 1(d)

Write a note on Frankfurt parliament.

Solution:

Frankfurt Parliament (1848-49) was convened at Frankfurt on May 18, 1848 as a result of the liberal revolution that swept the German states early in 1848.

The parliament was called by a preliminary assembly of German liberals in March 1848 and its members were elected by the direct manhood suffrage. They represented the entire political spectrum and included the foremost German figures of that time.

Its purpose was to plan the unification of Germany.

The conflict among the traditionally separate German states, notably Austria and Prussia made progress difficult.

In March 1849 the parliament adopted a federal constitution of German states, excluding Austria, with a parliamentary government and a hereditary emperor. Frederick William IV of Prussia was chosen emperor but he refused to accept the crown from a popularly elected assembly and the entire scheme failed.

Most of the representatives withdrew and the remainder were dispersed. The parliament, therefore, accomplished nothing as troops were called and the assembly was forced to disband.

Question 2.

What steps did the French revolutionaries take to create a sense of collective identity among the French people?

Solution:

From the very beginning, the French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices that could create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people. The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasized the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution. A new French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the former royal standard. The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly. New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated, all in the name of the nation. A centralised administrative system was put in place and it formulated uniform laws for all citizens within its territory. Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted. Regional dialects were discouraged and French, as it was spoken and written in Paris, became the common language of the nation.

Question 3.

Who were Marianne and Germania? What was the importance of the way in which they were portrayed?

Solution:

In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, artists represented the country as if it were a person.

Nations were portrayed as female figures that sought to give the abstract idea of the nation a concrete form.

The female form that was chosen to personify the nation did not stand for any particular woman in a real life.

Thus, in France, she was christened Marianne, a popular Christian name, which underlined the idea of a people’s nation.

Her characteristics were drawn from those of liberty and the Republic – the red cap, the tricolour, the cockade.

Statues of Marianne were installed in public squares to remind the public of the national symbols of unity and to persuade them to identify with it.

Marianne images were marked on coins and stamps too.

Similarly, Germania became the allegory of the German nation. In visual representations, Germania wears a crown of oak leaves, because the German oak stands for heroism.

The importance of the way in which they were portrayed was to remind the public of their national symbols of unity and to persuade them to identify with them.

Question 4.

Briefly trace the process of German unification.

Solution:

Nationalist feelings were widespread among middle-class Germans, who in 1848 tried to unite the different regions of the German confederation into a nation-state governed by an elected parliament. This liberal initiative to nation-building was, however, repressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and the military, supported by the large landowners (called Junkers) of Prussia. From then on, Prussia took on the leadership of the movement for national unification. Its chief minister, Otto von Bismarck, was the architect of this process carried out with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy. Three wars over seven years – with Austria, Denmark and France – ended in Prussian victory and completed the process of unification. In January 1871, the Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles.

Question 5.

What changes did Napoleon introduce to make the administrative system more efficient in the territories ruled by him?

Solution:

The following changes were introduced by Napoleon to make the administrative system more efficient in the territories ruled by him :

Civil Code of 1804 or the Napoleonic Code was issued. It abolished all privileges based on birth. It established equality before the law and secured the right to property.

Napoleon simplified administrative divisions in the Dutch Republic, in Switzerland, in

Italy and Germany. ,

The feudal system was abolished and peasants were freed from serfdom and manorial dues.

Guild restrictions were removed in towns.

Improvements were made in the transport and communication systems.

Uniform laws, standardized weights, and measures, and a common national currency was introduced. It facilitated the movement and exchange of goods and capital from one region to another. In view of the above reforms it is stated that through a return to monarchy, Napoleon had, no doubt, destroyed democracy in France, but in the administrative field, he had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient.

Discuss

Question 1.

Explain what is meant by the 1848 revolution of the liberals. What were the political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals?

Solution:

Since the French Revolution, liberalism had stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges, a constitution and representative government through parliament. Nineteenth-century liberals also stressed the inviolability of private property. The memory of the French Revolution nonetheless continued to inspire liberals. One of the major issues taken up by the liberal-nationalists, who criticised the new conservative order, was freedom of the press.

Parallel to the revolts of the poor, unemployed and starving peasants and workers in many European countries in the year 1848, a revolution led by the educated middle classes was under way. Events of February 1848 in France had brought about the abdication of the monarch and a republic based on universal male suffrage had been proclaimed. In other parts of Europe where independent nation-states did not yet exist – such as Germany, Italy, Poland, the Austro-Hungarian Empire – men and women of the liberal middle classes combined their demands for constitutionalism with national unification. They took advantage of the growing popular unrest to push their demands for the creation of a nation-state on parliamentary principles – a constitution, freedom of the press and freedom of association.

Question 2.

How was the history of nationalism in Britain unlike the rest of Europe?

Solution:

In Britain, the formation of the nation-state was not the result of a sudden upheaval or revolution. It was the result of a long-drawn-out process. There was no British nation prior to the eighteenth century. The primary identities of the people who inhabited the British Isles were ethnic ones – such as English, Welsh, Scot or Irish. All of these ethnic groups had their own cultural and political traditions. But as the English nation steadily grew in wealth, importance and power, it was able to extend its influence over the other nations of the islands. The English parliament, which had seized power from the monarchy in 1688 at the end of a protracted conflict, was the instrument through which a nation-state, with England at its centre, came to be forged.

 

The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland that resulted in the formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’ meant, in effect, that England was able to impose its influence on Scotland. The British parliament was henceforth dominated by its English members. The growth of a British identity meant that Scotland’s distinctive culture and political institutions were systematically suppressed. The Catholic clans that inhabited the Scottish Highlands suffered terrible repression whenever they attempted to assert their independence. The Scottish Highlanders were forbidden to speak their Gaelic language or wear their national dress, and large numbers were forcibly driven out of their homeland

 

Question-11

Why did nationalist tensions emerge in the Balkans?

Solution:

The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871 was the area called the Balkans. The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro whose inhabitants were broadly known as the Slavs. A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire. The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans together with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive.

All through the nineteenth century the Ottoman Empire had sought to strengthen itself through modernisation and internal reforms but with very little success. One by one, its European subject nationalities broke away from its control and declared independence. The Balkan peoples based their claims for independence or political rights on nationality and used history to prove that they had once been independent but had subsequently been subjugated by foreign powers. Hence the rebellious nationalities in the Balkans thought of their struggles as attempts to win back their long-lost independence. 

Multiple Choice Questions (Answers are written above)

1. Who, among the following, hosted the Congress at Vienna in 1815. [AI 2012]

(a) King of the Netherlands

(b) Giuseppe Mazzini

(c) Duke Metternich

(d) Otto von Bismarck

2. Which one of the following is true about the ‘Treaty of Constantinople’ in 1832. [AI 2012]

(a) It recognised Turkey as an independent nation.

(b) It recognised Greece as an independent nation.

(c) It recognised Germany as an independent nation.

(d) It recognised France as an independent nation.

 

3. Who among the following formed the secret society called ‘Young Italy’. [Delhi 2012]

(a) Otto von Bismarck

(b) Giuseppe Mazzini

(c) Metternich

(d) Johann Gottfried Herder

Or

Who among the following took power in the Southern part of Vietnam after the division of the country? [Delhi 2012]

(a) Ngo Dinh Diem

(b) Ho Chi Minh

(c) Bao Dai

(d) NLF

4. Which one of the following types of government was functioning in France before the revolution of 1789?

(a) Dictatorship

(b) Military

(c) Body of French Citizen

(d) Monarchy

Or

Who among the following was known as ‘Colons’ [Delhi 2012]

(a) French citizens living in Vietnam

(b) French citizens living in France

(c) Educated people of Vietnam

(d) Elites of Vietnam

 

5. Which one of the following statements is false regarding the Act of Union 1707? [Delhi 2011]

(a) It was an agreement between England and Scotland.

(b) It was an agreement between England and Ireland.

(c) It resulted in the formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’.

(d) It gave England control over Scotland.

6. Which one of the following states was ruled by an Italian princely house before the unification of Italy? [AI 2011]

(a) Kingdom of Two Sicilies

(b) Lombardy

(c) Venetia

(d) Sardinia-Piedmont

7. Which one of the following statements is not true about Giuseppe Mazzini? [Foreign 2011]

(a) He wanted the united Italian Republic.

(b) He founded an underground society called ‘Young Italy’.

(c) He wanted Italy to be a monarchy.

(d) He was exiled for attempting a revolution in Liguria.

8. Who said, “when France sneezes the rest of Europe catches cold”?

(a) Garibaldi

(b) Mazzini

(c) Metternich

(d) Bismarck

9. Which treaty recognised Greece as an independent nation?

(a) Treaty of Versailles

(b) Treaty of Vienna

(c) Treaty of Constantinople

(d) Treaty of Lausanne

10. Who was responsible *for the Unification of Germany?

(a) Bismarck

(b) Cavour

(c) Mazzini

(d) Garibaldi

11. Which area was known as the powder keg of Europe?

(a) Germany

(b) Italy

(c) Balkans

(d) Ottoman Empire

12. Elle, the measuring unit in Germany was used to measure

(a) cloth

(b) thread

(c) land

(d) height

13. Zolleverin started in 1834 in Prussia refers to a

(a) Trade Union

(b) Customs Union

(c) Labour Union

(d) Farmer’s Union

14. The Ottoman Empire was ruled by the emperor of

(a) Turkey

(b) Russia

(c) Britain

(d) Prussia

15. At which of the following places was the Frankfurt Assembly convened

(a) at the church of St. Paul.

(b) at the church of St. Peters.

(c) at the palace of Prussia.

(d) at the Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles.

16. What did the crown of oak leaves symbolise?

(a) Courage

(b) Heroism

(c) Peace

(d) Tolerance

17. By which of the following treaties was the United Kingdom of Great Britain formed?

(a) Treaty of Versailles

(b) Act of Union

(c) Treaty of Paris

(d) Treaty of Vienna

18. Who was Wolfe Tone?

(a) A French revolutionary.

(b) An Irish Catholic who revolted against British dominance.

(c) A German rebel who revolted against Kaiser William IV

(d) A British protestant leader.

19. Which of the following best explain Utopian society?

(a) A society where everybody is equal.

(b) A democratic society.

(c) An idealist society that can never be achieved.

(d) A society with a comprehensive Constitution.

20 After the French Revolution (1789) the right to vote was given to

(a) all adult population of the country.

(b) all property-owning male citizens of the country.

(c) all property-owning males and women of the country.

(d) all adults excluding women of the country.

21. The main function of the Prussian Zollverein was to

(a) impose a custom duty on imported goods.

(b) abolish the tariff barrier.

(c) reduce custom duties.

(d) impose new rules for trade.

22. Which of the following group of powers collectively defeated Napoleon?

(a) England, France, Italy, Russia.

(b) England, Austria, Spain, Russia.

(c) Austria, Prussia, Russia, Britain.

(d) Britain, Prussia, Russia, Italy.

23. Which of the following countries is considered as the ‘cradle of civilization’?

(a) England

(b) France

(c) Greece

(d) Russia

24. The Treaty of Vienna signed in 1815

(a) brought the conservative regimes back to power.

(b) destroyed the conservative powers of Europe.

(c) introduced democracy in Austria and Prussia.

(d) set up a new Parliament in Austria.

25. Romanticism refers to a

(a) cultural movement

(b) religious movement

(c) political movement

(d) literary movement

26. In Prussia, who was referred to as ‘Junkers’?

(a) Military officials

(b) Large landowners

(c) Factory owners

(d) Aristocratic nobles

27. Which of the following is an allegory/attribute for ‘liberty’?

(a) Crown of Oak

(b) Red Cap

(c) Olive Branch

(d) Sword

28. What does a blindfolded woman carrying a pair of weighing scales symbolise?

(a) Peace

(b) Equality

(c) Justice

(d) Liberty

29. Who among the following was proclaimed the first King of United Italy?

(a) Nicholas II

(b) King George II

(c) Wilhelm IV

(d) Victor Emannuel II

30 A nation-state is a state where

(a) people of all groups enjoy equal rights.

(b) where the nation has its own emblem and flag.

(c) a state which has a contiguous territory.

(d) a state where people live in a common territory, develop a sense of identity and share a common history.

31. Most important outcome of the French Revolution of 1789 was

(a) the abolition of absolute monarchy.

(b) making of a new Constitution.

(c) transfer of sovereignty from the monarch to the French citizens.

(d) Formation of the National Assembly.

32. Identify and mark the incorrect response. The Napoleonic Code

(a) did away with all the privileges based on ‘birth and established equality.

(b) destroyed feudalism in France.

(c) formulated codes for the army.

(d) ensured right to property for the privileged class.

33. A large number of people were hostile to the Napoleonic code because

(a) it was not suitable for all.

(b) it destroyed the special privileges of the rulers.

(c) administrative changes did not go hand-in-hand with political freedom.

(d) none of the above.

34. For the middle class of Europe, the most important feature of Liberalism was

(a) abolition of conservatism.

(b) right to be liberal and educated.

(c) individual freedom and equality before law.

(d) representative government.

35. Why did the Frankfurt Parliament fail to achieve its goal?

(a) Women were excluded from the membership.

(b) Did not have the support of the peasants.

(c) Kaiser William refused to accept the crown and opposed the assembly.

(d) None of the above.