Showing posts with label Class 10 Information Technology PART-B Chapters- Word Processing. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Class 10 Information Technology PART-B Chapters- Word Processing. Show all posts

May 06, 2021

Class 10 Information Technology PART-B Chapters- Word Processing, SPREADSHEET, WEB APPLICATION : Networking Fundamentals

PART-B

Unit - 1

Word Processing

 

Session 1: Modifying Layout of a paragraph

 

Steps to Set the paragraph layout:-

1. Open a word document. Click on Page Layout tab on the ribbon.

2. Click on the icon under Paragraph group. A paragraph dialog box will appear.

3. Select the desired alignment, line spacing etc.

4. Click on Tab button. A tab dialog box will appear.

5. Specify the tab stop position by mentioning the stopping position in the Tab stop position box. After specifying the tab stop position click on Set button and the Tabs window appears.

6. Click OK. The ruler of the document will be marked with a L shaped symbol at 2”, meaning that the tab stop position has been set at that position.

(Now when you press the tab key, the cursor will automatically jump from its initial position to the next tab stop position.)

 

Session 2 : Managing Headers

 

Header:- Headers are text or images included at the top of the page. They usually contain important information such as company or department name, logo, page numbers etc.

Steps to include header in a document

1. Click on the Insert tab on the Ribbon.

2. Click on the option Header in the Header & Footer group.

3. A drop down list will appear. Insert any of the predefined options from the list.

4. You can insert Page number, Date & Time or any picture or clip art in the header  area.

Session 3 : Managing Footers

Footer :- Footers are text or image included at the bottom of the page and may

repeat in all pages of the document. You can include page number, date & time,

pictures or clip art in the footer area.

Steps to include footer in a document

1. Click on the Insert tab on the Ribbon.

2. Click on the option Footer in the Header & Footer group.

3. A drop down list will appear. Insert any of the predefined footer options from

the list.

 

 

 

Session 4: Managing Styles

 

Styles:- Styles or Style sets are pre-defined or customized options used for

creating good looking profession documents with least efforts. Steps to apply and manage styles:

1. Locate the Style group under Home tab.You can view list of styles in Styles Group.

2. To view the list of style sets available, point to Style Set under Change Styles option. A drop down with different styles will be displayed.

3. Select any of the styles listed by clicking it.

Session 5:- Document Template

 

Template:- Templates or document templates refer to a sample fill-in-the-blank

document that can help in saving time. They may have sample content, themes,

etc.

Steps to view & use sample templates:-

1. Go to File->New. Different types of templates will be displayed.

2. Select any of the templates by double-clicking on it. Now you can use this

template and customize the contents according to your needs.

Steps to create a template are:-

1. Create a word document that will serve as the template.

2. Click on File->Save As and give the template a name. Select Word

Template from the Save as type: drop down list.

3. Click on Save.

Session 6 : Working with Page and Section Breaks

 

Page and Section Breaks can be used to separate a document into sections. To

separate a section in a portion use Section Break. To start a new page in a document

use Page Break.

Steps to Use Section Break and Page Break :-

1. Click on the Page Layout tab on the ribbon.

2. Click on the option Breaks in the Page Setup group.

3. A dropdown list with options of different types of breaks appears.

Steps to Delete Section / Page Break

1. Click on the Section / Page Break.

2. Press Delete on your keyboard and the section / page break is removed.

Use of Page Break:- A page break can be inserted anywhere in a document to force

the end of a page and the beginning of a new one.

Use of Section Break :- Section Break add flexibility to formatting your document. You can create different headers and footers, different footnote numbering, change the layout of columns, change page borders for different pages and even change the page layout of the same document. Using Section breaks is like having mini-documents in one large document.

 

 

Session 7: Applying Character Formats

 

Character Formatting:- To change look and design of characters is called character

formatting.

Different options to make changes to a character or word:-

1. Font Face

2. Font Size

3. Grow Font - to make font size larger than the current size by the specified point.

4. Shrink Font - to make font size smaller than the current size by the specified

point.

5. Strikethrough – to make a strike through the middle of the selected text.

6. Subscript – to make the selected text lower than the normal text position.

7. Superscript – to make the selected text higher than the normal text position.

8. Clear Formatting – used to clear the character formatting.

9. Text Highlight Colour - used to change the background colour of the text.

10.Font Colour – used to change the colour of the text.

11.Change Case – helps us to change the text case to capital letters or small

letter. Different change case options are :-

(i) Sentence Case:- the first character in the First word of the selected

sentence will be in Upper case and rest of characters will be in small

case.

(ii) Lowercase:- selected text will be converted to small letters.

(iii) Uppercase:- selected text will be converted to Capital letters.

(iv) Capitalize Each Word:- the first character in all the words of the

selected sentence will be converted to Capital letter.

(v) TOGGLE CASE:- the small letters in the selected text will be converted

to capital letters and capital letters will be converted to small letter.

 

SESSION 8: INSERT GRAPHICAL OBJECTS AND ILLUSTRATIONS

 

Most Word processors has support for inserting illustrations in the form of Clip Arts, Shapes, pictures, charts, etc.

Clip Art: Clip Art can help in making a document look colourful and presentable. Clip arts are pre-defined images available for use in documents. For example, if you would like to create a greeting card for your friend, you can use clip arts such as balloon, flowers, etc. along with text message.

You can use the clip art gallery built-in within the word processor; you can also download clipart from websites. Some of the websites that have free clip arts are:

• www.openclipart.org

• www.pdclipart.org

 

Steps to insert a clip art in a document,

1. Click on the Insert tab on the Ribbon.

2. Click on the option Clip Art in the Illustrations group

3. The Clip Art Task Pane appears. Enter the clipart category name in the search box and Click Go.

4. Select the clipart that you want to use, double-click on it and it will be inserted into your document

Steps to insert a clip art in a document from websites

Sometimes, you may need clip arts that may not be available within the word processor application. In such cases, you can visit websites that offer clip arts such as OpenClipart.org.

To download a clip art from www.openclipart.org,

1. Open the web browser, Type www.openclipart.org in the address bar and press Enter

You can use the search box available on the website for viewing the list of clip arts to suit your needs.

Now you can select the clip art you like, download it to your computer and insert it using the photo option in the word processor.

SESSION 9: TEXT WRAPPING

 

Text wrapping enables you to surround a picture with text. The text wraps around the graphic or a picture.

Steps to insert Text Wrapping

1. Insert the picture / graphic / clipart in the document.

2. Click on the wrap text option under Text section of the Insert tab after double clicking on the picture.

3. Alternatively, select the picture then select the Text Wrapping dropdown arrow in the

Arrange group under the Format tab.

Different Wrap Text Options

The different wrap text options available in word processing software are:-

1. Square

2. Tight

3. Through

 

SESSION 10: INSERTING OBJECTS

 

In addition to graphic images, to add a personal touch to a special message or to illustrate a special feature, you may want to embed sound files or maybe even actual files from other software applications in your document. For example, you can insert a PDF file or a spread sheet within the word processor.

Steps to insert an object,

1. Select Insert Tab

2. Click Object under Text section. A dialog box will be displayed

3. Select Create from File Tab

4. Click Browse and select a file such as a spread sheet or a PDF document that is

available on your computer, Click Open and Click OK

 

Note: If you would like to edit the embedded document, double-click on it. It will automatically open it for editing using respective application.

 

Demerits of embedding an object

1. The embedded objects cannot be printed.

2. The person opening your document must have the relevant software loaded on their computer to operate the embedded file.

3. If you embed an object, the size of your document increases significantly and this may cause problems in emailing the document as an attachment.

4. If you link an object, the person opening that document must have a direct connection to the original file location of the object.

 

SESSION 11: INSERT SHAPES, SYMBOLS AND SPECIAL CHARACTERS

 

We can insert objects that have different shapes such as lines, basic geometric shapes, arrows, Equations, shapes, flowchart shapes, stars, banners, and callouts using the shape option.

Steps to Insert Shapes Click on the Insert tab on the Ribbon.

1. Click on the option Shapes in the Illustrations group

2. Once you click the Shapes option a dropdown list with pre-defined shape such as box, circle, etc. appears.

3. You can select the shape from the list of shapes available and draw the shape by

Dragging the mouse with the left button clicked

Steps to Insert Symbols and Special Characters

1. Click on the Insert tab on the Ribbon.

2. Click on the option Symbol in the Symbols group

3. A dropdown list appears

4. Select a symbol from the list and double-click on to insert the symbol into the document

 

 

 

 

 

 

UNIT-2

SPREADSHEET

 

Autosum - Autosum is used for adding the values given in cells automatically without writing the formula to perform the operation.

Steps to perform Autosum:

1. Select the cell in which you want sum.

2. Click on Home Tab, then click the Autosum option in the Editing group.

3. The values in the cell will be calculated automatically.

Note: Autosum automatically selects the values around the cells either horizontally or vertically.

Conditional Formatting - Conditional formatting allows you to change the formatting (font color, border, shading) of the cells based on the values in it. So, you specify a condition for the values in the cell, and if the condition is satisfied then automatically the formatting of the cell changes.

You can control the following formats:

 Number format

 Font, font style, and font colour (but not font size)

 Fill colour and fill pattern

 Border colour and border style (but not border thickness)

 

Steps to perform Conditional Formatting:

1. Select all the cells you want to format conditionally.

2. Click on Conditional Formatting option available under Styles group in the Home tab. A drop down list appears.

3. Select the desired formatting option, then specify the required values.

4. Click OK

Freeze Rows and Columns - When you are dealing with a huge amount of data that spans several rows or columns, you may want the headers to remain constant (frozen) while you scroll through the data so that you can see the identifying names of the rows/columns is called Freezing of rows and columns.

Steps for Freezing Rows and Columns

1. Click on Freeze Panes option available under Window group in View tab.

2. A drop down list appears as shown below.

3. Click on Freeze Panes.

Note: The panes are formed where your cursor is placed. You can also freeze the entire row or column by selecting the entire row or column and click “Freeze Panes” to freeze the entire row or column.

Hide / Unhide Rows and Columns - Sometimes you have data in rows and columns which are needed for formulas or charts, but you do not want the data to be visible. So, you can Hide / Unhide that rows and columns. The data in hidden row/column is available for calculations though not visible.

Steps to Hide a row / column:-

1. Either select the particular row/column or just one cell in the corresponding row/column.

2. Click on Format option available under Cells group in the Home tab.

3. A dropdown list appears. Click on Hide & Unhide > Hide Rows.

 

OR

 

Select the row/column, right click and select Hide.

 

Steps to Unhide a row / column:-

1. Select any cells before and after the cell that is hidden.

2. Click Unhide Rows in the Format option available under Home tab.

 

PAGE BREAKS

To print a worksheet with the exact number of pages that you want, you can adjust the page breaks in

the worksheet before printing it. This feature is very useful especially when printing huge sheets.

Steps To Set Page Break

1. On the View tab, in the Workbook Views group, click Page Break Preview.

2. To insert a vertical page break, select the row below where you want to insert the page break.

To insert a horizontal page break, select the column to the right of where you want to insert the page break.

3. Click on Breaks down arrow under Page Setup group in the Page Layout tab.

4. Click on Insert Page Break option.

5. To move a page break, simply drag the page break to the desired location.

Steps to Remove Page Break

Click the Remove Page Break option in Breaks drop down list.

Note: To return to Normal view after you finish working with the page breaks, click Normal

in the Workbook Views group under the View tab.

PAGE LAYOUT

Spread sheet software provides various page layout options for organizing pages using the Page

Layout option.

Steps to set the page layout options

Click on Page Layout option under Workbook Views group on View tab. We can set

◦ Margins

◦ Orientation

◦ Page headers and footers

◦ Hide or display grid lines

◦ Size of the page

◦ Define the print area

◦ Specify the background

MARGINS

Click on Margins option under Page Setup group, a dropdown list appears.

You can either select anyone of the predefined margin options available or else you can define your

own margin settings by clicking Custom Margins option and set the margin values manually from the

options available under the dialog box.

 

ORIENTATION

You can set the orientation of the page to either Portrait or Landscape by clicking the Orientation

Option under Page Setup group in the Page Layout tab.

PAGE HEADERS AND FOOTERS

HIDE OR DISPLAY GRID LINES

SIZE

You can set the size of the page by clicking the Size option under Page Setup group in the Page

Layout tab.

DEFINE THE PRINT AREA

Click on Set Print Area to set the selected to get printed. You can also clear the print area by clicking

the Clear Print Area option.

SPECIFY THE BACKGROUND

You can specify a background for your sheet using the Background option under Page Setup in the Page Layout tab.

MANAGE WORKBOOK VIEWS

 

Workbook views are used for the purpose of viewing the outcome of the worksheet while printing.

There are five types of views in the spreadsheet:-

1. Normal-This is the default view of the spreadsheet application. It is a collection of cells arranged in the work area.

2. Page Layout- With page layout view, you can quickly fine tune a worksheet and achieve professional looking results.

3. Page Break Preview- This option is similar to Page Layout option except you can set the area that is to be set as a page after inserting page break.

4. Custom View- With custom view, you can view selected areas of a document.

5. Full Screen- Selecting this option the workbook cover the entire screen. All tabs are hidden from view. To get back the tabs, click on File>Restore.

Multiple windows

You can open multiple windows that display the current spreadsheet and then arrange those windows in a variety of ways.

Steps to open a new window of a workbook

1. Click New Window button on the View tab, in the Window group.

Steps to arrange multiple windows

1. Click Arrange All button in the Window group. An Arrange Windows dialog box appears.

2. Click either Tiled, Horizontal, Vertical, or Cascade options.

3. Click OK.

APPLY CELL AND RANGE NAMES

We can assign names to cells in a worksheet and use it for quickly locating specific cells by entering the names. Range is a collection of cells.

Steps to apply range names:-

1. Keep the Ctrl key pressed and click on the cells that you want to give a name OR select the range of cells.

2. Right click and select Name a Range.... OR select Define name under Defines Names group in the Formulas tab.

3. A New Name dialog box appears. Enter the name in the Name field.

4. Click OK.

CREATE MODIFY AND FORMAT CHARTS

A chart is graphical representation of data in which data is represented by symbols such as bars in a bar chart, lines in a line chart or slices in a pie chart. Spreadsheet helps to create, modify and format charts based on the data given in the spreadsheet.

Steps to create a chart:-

1. Prepare data in the spreadsheet on which you want to create the chart. Select the data.

2. Click on the chart type that you want from Charts group under the Insert tab.

3. A chart will be displayed in the spreadsheet.

4. You can modify the chart values by making necessary modifications in the data table.

Chart has many elements, however, only some of the elements are displayed by default. Following are the elements of a chart:-

1. Chart Area

2. Plot Area

3. Data Points

4. Horizontal and Vertical Axis

5. Legend

6. Chart and Axis Title

7. Data Label

Chart Types

Different charts display data in very different ways. Using the best chart type and format helps you to display data visually in the most meaningful way. Following are the different types of chart:-

1. Bar charts: A bar chart (horizontal bars) emphasizes the comparison between items at a fixed period of time. This chart type also includes cylinder, cone and pyramid subtypes.

2. Column Charts: A column chart emphasizes variation over a period of time. This chart type also includes cylinder, cone and pyramid subtypes.

3. Line Charts: A line chart shows the relation of the changes in the data over a period of time.

4. Pie Charts: A Pie chart shows the relationship of the parts to the whole.

5. Area Charts: An area chart shows the relative importance of values over time.

6. XY (Scatter) Charts: Scatter charts are useful for showing a correlation among the data points that may not be easy to see from data alone.

SORT & FILTER DATA

Sort:- It is a feature that helps you arrange the selected data either in an ascending or descending order.

Steps to Sort Data

1. Select the data to be sorted and then click on Sort option under Sort & Filter group in the Data tab.

2. Specify on what basis you need to sort the data in the Sort by field and select the order that is ascending and descending and then click OK.

Filter:- It is a feature used for extracting particular data using some conditions.

Steps to Filter Data

1. Click the Filter option available under Sort & Filter group in the Data tab. Before applying the filter, select the data along with the header.

2. Once you click on filter, the header will be displayed with a down arrow.

CALCULATE DATA ACROSS WORKSHEETS

To summarize and report results from separate worksheets, you can consolidate data from each into a master worksheet. The worksheets can be in the same workbook as the master worksheet or in the other workbooks. The assembling of data is required so that updates and calculations can be performed easily.

Steps:-

1. Create a sheet 1 name it as year1.

2. Create a sheet 2 name it as year2.

3. For using sheet 1 or sheet 2 data in any of the sheets use year1! Or year2! Respectively.

For example:- if you want to add B1:B3 range of sheet 1 in sheet 2 use =SUM(year1!B1:B3).

Note:- using this feature, we can use a value of a cell located at one sheet in the another sheet.

USING MULTIPLE WORKBOOKS & LINKING CELLS

Spreadsheet also allows to link the cells from various worksheets and from various spreadsheets to summarize data from several sources. In this way, we can create formulas that span different sources and make calculations using a combination of local and linked information. We can link the data from other spreadsheets and keep the information up to date without editing multiple locations every time, the data changes.

Steps :-

1. Open a new spreadsheet workbook.

2. For example, we are using sum formula, type =sum(, while the parenthesis is opened, click on

Switch Windows option under Window group in the View tab. A drop down list appears containing all the active workbooks names.

3. Click on the other workbook name eg. Book1 and select the desired cells eg. A2:A5

4. Press Enter. After pressing enter, we see that we are back on the previous workbook with the desired result.

SHARING WORKSHEET DATA

Using this feature of spreadsheet, multiple users can access a single sheet simultaneously in a network location.

 

Steps:-

1. Click on Share workbook option under Changes group in the Review tab.

2. A dialog box appears as shown below.

3. Check the option Allow changes by more than one user at the same time. This also

allows workbook merging.

4. Click OK.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

UNIT - 2

 

WEB APPLICATION : Networking Fundamentals

 

Network: A computer network is a collection of computers and other hardware components interconnected by communication channels (cables or satellites) that allow sharing of resources and information.

Networks are designed using the following architecture:

Peer to peer (P2P): Networks which all computers have an equal status are called peer to peer networks. Generally in such a network each terminal has an equally competent CPU.

Client-Server: Networks, in which certain computers have special dedicated tasks, providing services to other computers (in the network) are called client server networks. The computer(s) which provide services are called servers and the ones that use these services are called clients.

Types of Network:

There are 2 major types of network:-

1) LAN:- LAN is Local Area Network. It is used to connect computers and devices within a small geographical area such as home, school etc.

2) WAN:- WAN is Wide Area Network. It is used to connect computers in a broad area such as national and international boundaries.

Eg. Internet.

Internet: Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite to serve billions of users

worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks.

World Wide Web: World Wide Web (abbreviated as WWW or W3, commonly known as the Web), is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet.

Web Browser: A Web Browser is software used to view Web sites and acts as an interface between the user and the World Wide Web.

 

Web Server: A Web server is a computer that stores web sites and their related files for viewing on the Internet.

Uses of Network:-

1) Data Sharing: We can share data like text files, documents, audio and video files to other users with the help of Networking.

2) Hardware Sharing: Hardware components like printers, scanners etc. can also be shared with the help of networking.

3) Internet Access Sharing: Through networking we can access a single internet connection on multiple computers within a network.

4) Usage of Network Based Applications: Applications like chat applications, audio and video calling is an another advantage.

Getting Access to the Internet:-

To use Internet we need the following:-

1) ISP:- ISP is Internet Service Provider. It is an organization which provides us with the access of Internet. For eg. BSNL, Airtel, MTNL etc.

2) Modem:- The word modem is derived from its function

Modulator/DEModulator. It is a device which is used to convert digital computer signals into analog signals and vice-versa.

Types of Internet Connectivity

Types of Internet Connectivity can be broadly categorized into Wired

Technology and Wireless Technology.

Wired Technology:-

1) Dial-up:- It uses the facilities of the Public Switched Telephone

Network (PSTN) to establish a internet connection via telephone lines using a device called MODEM. Users dial a number and get access to internet. Dial-up connections are extremely slow.

2) DSL:- DSL is Digital Subscriber Line provides internet connectivity by transmitting digital data over wires of a local telephone network. It enables the use of Telephone and Data Transmission on a single telephone line. For using DSL Connection, we need a DSL modem and a subscription.

3) Cable Internet Access:- It is a form of broadband Internet access that uses the cable TV infrastructure. It is provided through existing cable TV networks and it is similar to DSL.

 

Wireless Technology:-

1) 3G:- 3G, is short for 3 rd Generation. It is a set of standards used for Mobile devices and mobile telecommunication services and networks. If the phone supports 3G, then high speed internet connectivity can be accessed through its subscription. High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) is a 3G protocol (standard) that allows higher data transfer speeds and capacity.

2) WiMAX:- WiMAX is Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access is a wireless communications standard designed to provide mobile broadband connectivity across cities and countries through variety of devices. It is a long range system. It is beneficial where there is a difficulty in laying out cables and wires.

3) Wi-Fi:- It is a popular technology used to transfer data wirelessly over a network. Wi-Fi stands for Wireless Fidelity. The wireless network is formed through a device called Wireless Access Point (WAP). It is beneficial as there is no need of laying out wires for transferring data.

Data Transfer On the Internet :-

The data is broken up into bits of same sized pieces called packets.

A header is added to each packet explaining where the data has come from, where it should end up and where it fits in with the rest of the packets.

Each packet is sent from computer to computer until it finds its destination. All packets may not take the same route.

At the destination, the packets are examined. If any packets are missing or damaged, a message is sent asking for them to be resent. This continues until all packets have been received intact.

The packets are now reassembled into their original form. All this done in seconds!

Session 3 : INTRODUCTION TO THE INSTANT MESSAGING

INSTANT MESSAGING

Instant Messaging (IM) is a form of communication over the internet that offers an instantaneous transmission of text-based messages from sender to receiver. Most IM software includes the option to transfer files, audio chat, video, images etc.

Key Features of IM are :-

1) Text message can be sent from one person to another(similar to SMS)

2) Audio calling and conferencing

3) Video calling and conferencing

4) File Transfers

5) Message History (Save messages for future reference)

 

Types of Instant Messaging Software

There are two kinds of IM Software:-

1) Application Based:- These software are downloaded and installed on user’s computer. Eg. Google Talk , Yahoo! Messenger , Skype , Window Live Messenger , Rediff Bol etc.

2) Web Based:- They are accessed using browsers such as Internet Explorer etc. Eg. MSN Web Messenger , Yahoo! Messenger for the Web , Meebo , IMO etc.

BLOG

A blog is a discussion style site used by non-technical users for creating personal web pages. Blog is similar to an online personal diary and similar to use. A blog is used to convey messages, events, news, and announcements etc.

Blogs are usually managed through web browser which needs an internet connection. A blog can also be created through Offline Blog Software and later publish the content when the internet connection is available.

Examples of Websites that offer blog services:-

www.blogger.com

www.wordpress.com

www.weebly.com

www.blog.com

ONLINE TRANSACTIONS

The transactions over the internet are called Online Transactions Like purchasing of goods, selling of goods, booking a ticket, payment of fees etc. all comes under the category of Online transactions.

Examples of Online Transaction websites:-

1) For Buying Goods :- amazon, jabong, myntra, flipkart , ebay etc.

2) For Booking of Tickets :- IRCTC , Redbus etc.

3) For Payment of School Fee :- epay.unionbankofindia.co.in/kvfee

 

Payment Tools to use Online Transactions:-

For completing an online transaction we must need:-

1) Valid Debit Card

2) Valid Credit Card

3) Net Banking Subscription

INTERNET SECURITY

It is a branch of computer security specifically related to the internet, involving browser security and also network security.

Objectives of Internet Security:-

The main objective of internet security is to establish rules and measures to use against attacks over the internet.

Online Threats

The threats / vulnerabilities that uses World Wide Web (Internet) to facilitate crimes are called Online Threats.

Like:-

1) Phishing :- The act of acquiring personal / private and sensitive data from personal computers for use in fraudulent activities. For eg. Mails from unknown persons that ask for your credit / debit card details.

2) Email spoofing :- It is the creation of email messages with a forged sender address. For eg. Sending an email with a forged email address which appears to be original. These mails are infected mails which contain worms.

3) Chat Spoofing:- Spoofing means hoax, trick, or deceive which contains false information. Hiding / Faking the identity of another person over the internet is called chat spoofing.

BEST PRACTICES FOR SECURITY OVER INTERNET

1. Use strong passwords: A combination of alphanumeric and special characters could be used for creating a password that is not so easy to crack or guessed by other users. General guidelines for strong password

a) Keep the length of the password at least 12-14 characters if permitted.

b) Avoid keeping passwords based on repetition words, dictionary words, usernames, pet names etc.

c) Include numbers and symbols in passwords.

d) Use Capital and lowercase letters.

e) Avoid using same password for multiple sites or purposes.

f) Avoid using something that the public or workmates know you strongly like or dislikes.

2. Backup your data: Always keep copies of data in CD, pen drives etc, so it could be helpful in situation when there is a loss of data.

3. Use Encryption software: Use encrypted software available within the operating software to protect data from unauthorized users.

 

4. Keep username and password private: Never save passwords or usernames on computers that are used in shared environments like net café.

5. Registering with website: Read privacy policy whenever you register with a website, the policy will include information about how the website use personal data.

6. Do not share personal information: Be cautious when filling out forms on internet. Because your personal information or emails could be used by unauthorized users to send fake or unwanted emails. So, first research and verify if it’s a trusted website or not before providing personal information to any website.

7. Secure transactions: It is always recommended to use only secure websites for online shopping or transactions, because these websites store your credit card or online banking personal information. Verify if the website uses secure transaction, usually it is indicated through a digital certificate represented as a golden lock in the web browser’s address bar.

8. Use Antivirus and antispyware software: These software’s protect your computer from any changes by malwares/threats. Keep these software’s up to date.

9. Do not immediately respond to mails from unknown users:

Some mails, that promise you jobs or announce lottery results, may contain virus or scripts or they can try to gather your personal information. Never open the attachments from unknown persons.

10. Install firewalls: Firewalls keep your system and network secure. They could be software or hardware. So, Install and configure your firewall.

11. Regularly update your operating system and software applications.

12. When you visit websites, cookies are created on your system that may contain your personal or logon details. Clear browser cookies frequently so that your logon details could not be tracked by unauthorized users.

SESSION 1:-WORKING WITH ACCESSIBILITY OPTIONS

Computer Accessibility :- It refers to the user friendliness of a computer system for all, regardless of their disability. It enables a person with a disability or impairment to use a computer. It is also known as Assistive

Technology.

There are numerous types of impairment that impact computer usage.

These includes:-

1) Cognitive impairments and learning disabilities, such as dyslexia, autism, and attention  deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

2) Visual impairment, such as low-vision, complete or partial blindness, and color blindness.

3) Hearing impairment including deafness.

4) Motor or dexterity impairment, such as paralysis, cerebral palsy, or carpal tunnel syndrome and repetitive strain injury.

These accessibility options are used to customize the way your keyboard, display, or mouse function.

Various Accessibility Options

1) Sticky Keys:- It is an accessibility feature to help computer users with physical disabilities. It allows the user to press and release a modifier key, such as Ctrl, Alt, Shift etc. and have it remain active until any other key is pressed.

2) Filter Keys:- It is an accessibility feature that tells the keyboard to ignore repeated key strokes, making typing easier for people with hand tremors.

3) Toggle Keys:- It is an accessibility feature which is designed for people who have vision impairment or cognitive disabilities. When toggle keys are turned on, the computer emits a high sound when the locking keys, such as Caps Lock, Num Lock, Scroll Lock are switched on and a low sound when they are switched off.

4) Sound Sentry:- It is designed for the users with auditory impairments. It generates warnings, such as blinking title bar or a flashing border, whenever the computer generates a sound.

5) Show Sounds:- It instructs applications that convey information by sound, to also provide information visually, through text captions or informative icons.

6) High Contrast:- It is an accessibility feature to assist people with vision impairment. It can change the size and color of fonts and the background for ease of viewing.

7) Cursor Options:- It is an accessibility feature that assists people with vision impairment by changing the blink rate and width of the cursor.

8) Mouse Keys:- It is an accessibility feature that assists people who have difficulty using a mouse. This option uses the keyboard as a pointing device instead of a mouse.

9) Serial keys:- It is an accessibility feature that assists people that have difficulty in using a keyboard or a mouse or both. They can use special devices such as Sip, Puff and Breath Switches to provide input to the computer through serial ports.

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