PART-B
Unit - 1
Word Processing
Session 1: Modifying Layout of a
paragraph
Steps
to Set the paragraph layout:-
1.
Open a word document. Click on Page Layout tab on the ribbon.
2.
Click on the icon under Paragraph group. A paragraph dialog box will appear.
3.
Select the desired alignment, line spacing etc.
4.
Click on Tab button. A tab dialog box will appear.
5.
Specify the tab stop position by mentioning the stopping position in the Tab
stop position box. After specifying the tab stop position click on Set button
and the Tabs window appears.
6.
Click OK. The ruler of the document will be marked with a L shaped symbol at 2”,
meaning that the tab stop position has been set at that position.
(Now
when you press the tab key, the cursor will automatically jump from its initial
position to the next tab stop position.)
Session 2 : Managing Headers
Header:-
Headers are text or images included at the top of the page. They usually
contain important information such as company or department name, logo, page
numbers etc.
Steps
to include header in a document
1.
Click on the Insert tab on the Ribbon.
2.
Click on the option Header in the Header & Footer group.
3.
A drop down list will appear. Insert any of the predefined options from the
list.
4.
You can insert Page number, Date & Time or any picture or clip art in the header
area.
Session 3 : Managing Footers
Footer
:- Footers are text or image included at the bottom of the page and may
repeat
in all pages of the document. You can include page number, date & time,
pictures
or clip art in the footer area.
Steps
to include footer in a document
1.
Click on the Insert tab on the Ribbon.
2.
Click on the option Footer in the Header & Footer group.
3.
A drop down list will appear. Insert any of the predefined footer options from
the
list.
Session 4: Managing Styles
Styles:-
Styles or Style sets are pre-defined or customized options used for
creating
good looking profession documents with least efforts. Steps to apply and manage
styles:
1.
Locate the Style group under Home tab.You can view list of styles in Styles Group.
2.
To view the list of style sets available, point to Style Set under Change
Styles option. A drop down with different styles will be displayed.
3.
Select any of the styles listed by clicking it.
Session 5:- Document Template
Template:-
Templates or document templates refer to a sample fill-in-the-blank
document
that can help in saving time. They may have sample content, themes,
etc.
Steps
to view & use sample templates:-
1.
Go to File->New. Different types of templates will be displayed.
2.
Select any of the templates by double-clicking on it. Now you can use this
template
and customize the contents according to your needs.
Steps
to create a template are:-
1.
Create a word document that will serve as the template.
2.
Click on File->Save As and give the template a name. Select Word
Template
from the Save as type: drop down list.
3.
Click on Save.
Session 6 : Working with Page and
Section Breaks
Page
and Section Breaks can be used to separate a document into sections. To
separate
a section in a portion use Section Break. To start a new page in a document
use
Page Break.
Steps
to Use Section Break and Page Break :-
1.
Click on the Page Layout tab on the ribbon.
2.
Click on the option Breaks in the Page Setup group.
3.
A dropdown list with options of different types of breaks appears.
Steps
to Delete Section / Page Break
1.
Click on the Section / Page Break.
2.
Press Delete on your keyboard and the section / page break is removed.
Use
of Page Break:- A page break can be inserted anywhere in a document to force
the
end of a page and the beginning of a new one.
Use
of Section Break :- Section Break add flexibility to formatting your document.
You can create different headers and footers, different footnote numbering, change
the layout of columns, change page borders for different pages and even change
the page layout of the same document. Using Section breaks is like having
mini-documents in one large document.
Session 7: Applying Character Formats
Character
Formatting:- To change look and design of characters is called character
formatting.
Different
options to make changes to a character or word:-
1.
Font Face
2.
Font Size
3.
Grow Font - to make font size larger than the current size by the specified point.
4.
Shrink Font - to make font size smaller than the current size by the specified
point.
5.
Strikethrough – to make a strike through the middle of the selected text.
6.
Subscript – to make the selected text lower than the normal text position.
7.
Superscript – to make the selected text higher than the normal text position.
8.
Clear Formatting – used to clear the character formatting.
9.
Text Highlight Colour - used to change the background colour of the text.
10.Font
Colour – used to change the colour of the text.
11.Change
Case – helps us to change the text case to capital letters or small
letter.
Different change case options are :-
(i)
Sentence Case:- the first character in the First word of the selected
sentence
will be in Upper case and rest of characters will be in small
case.
(ii)
Lowercase:- selected text will be converted to small letters.
(iii)
Uppercase:- selected text will be converted to Capital letters.
(iv)
Capitalize Each Word:- the first character in all the words of the
selected
sentence will be converted to Capital letter.
(v)
TOGGLE CASE:- the small letters in the selected text will be converted
to
capital letters and capital letters will be converted to small letter.
SESSION 8: INSERT GRAPHICAL OBJECTS AND
ILLUSTRATIONS
Most
Word processors has support for inserting illustrations in the form of Clip
Arts, Shapes, pictures, charts, etc.
Clip
Art: Clip Art can help in making a document look colourful and presentable.
Clip arts are pre-defined images available for use in documents. For example,
if you would like to create a greeting card for your friend, you can use clip
arts such as balloon, flowers, etc. along with text message.
You
can use the clip art gallery built-in within the word processor; you can also
download clipart from websites. Some of the websites that have free clip arts
are:
•
www.openclipart.org
•
www.pdclipart.org
Steps
to insert a clip art in a document,
1.
Click on the Insert tab on the Ribbon.
2.
Click on the option Clip Art in the Illustrations group
3.
The Clip Art Task Pane appears. Enter the clipart category name in the search
box and Click Go.
4.
Select the clipart that you want to use, double-click on it and it will be
inserted into your document
Steps
to insert a clip art in a document from websites
Sometimes,
you may need clip arts that may not be available within the word processor application.
In such cases, you can visit websites that offer clip arts such as
OpenClipart.org.
To
download a clip art from www.openclipart.org,
1.
Open the web browser, Type www.openclipart.org in the address bar and press
Enter
You
can use the search box available on the website for viewing the list of clip
arts to suit your needs.
Now
you can select the clip art you like, download it to your computer and insert
it using the photo option in the word processor.
SESSION 9: TEXT WRAPPING
Text
wrapping enables you to surround a picture with text. The text wraps around the
graphic or a picture.
Steps
to insert Text Wrapping
1.
Insert the picture / graphic / clipart in the document.
2.
Click on the wrap text option under Text section of the Insert tab after double
clicking on the picture.
3.
Alternatively, select the picture then select the Text Wrapping dropdown arrow
in the
Arrange
group under the Format tab.
Different
Wrap Text Options
The
different wrap text options available in word processing software are:-
1.
Square
2.
Tight
3.
Through
SESSION 10: INSERTING OBJECTS
In
addition to graphic images, to add a personal touch to a special message or to
illustrate a special feature, you may want to embed sound files or maybe even
actual files from other software applications in your document. For example,
you can insert a PDF file or a spread sheet within the word processor.
Steps
to insert an object,
1.
Select Insert Tab
2.
Click Object under Text section. A dialog box will be displayed
3.
Select Create from File Tab
4.
Click Browse and select a file such as a spread sheet or a PDF document that is
available
on your computer, Click Open and Click OK
Note:
If you would like to edit the embedded document, double-click on it. It will
automatically open it for editing using respective application.
Demerits
of embedding an object
1.
The embedded objects cannot be printed.
2.
The person opening your document must have the relevant software loaded on their
computer to operate the embedded file.
3.
If you embed an object, the size of your document increases significantly and
this may cause problems in emailing the document as an attachment.
4.
If you link an object, the person opening that document must have a direct
connection to the original file location of the object.
SESSION
11: INSERT SHAPES, SYMBOLS AND SPECIAL CHARACTERS
We
can insert objects that have different shapes such as lines, basic geometric
shapes, arrows, Equations, shapes, flowchart shapes, stars, banners, and
callouts using the shape option.
Steps
to Insert Shapes Click on the Insert tab on the Ribbon.
1.
Click on the option Shapes in the Illustrations group
2.
Once you click the Shapes option a dropdown list with pre-defined shape such as
box, circle, etc. appears.
3.
You can select the shape from the list of shapes available and draw the shape
by
Dragging
the mouse with the left button clicked
Steps
to Insert Symbols and Special Characters
1.
Click on the Insert tab on the Ribbon.
2.
Click on the option Symbol in the Symbols group
3.
A dropdown list appears
4.
Select a symbol from the list and double-click on to insert the symbol into the
document
UNIT-2
SPREADSHEET
Autosum - Autosum is
used for adding the values given in cells automatically without writing the formula
to perform the operation.
Steps to perform
Autosum:
1. Select the cell in
which you want sum.
2. Click on Home Tab,
then click the Autosum option in the Editing group.
3. The values in the
cell will be calculated automatically.
Note: Autosum
automatically selects the values around the cells either horizontally or
vertically.
Conditional Formatting
- Conditional formatting allows you to change the formatting (font color, border,
shading) of the cells based on the values in it. So, you specify a condition
for the values in the cell, and if the condition is satisfied then
automatically the formatting of the cell changes.
You
can control the following formats:
Number format
Font, font style, and font colour (but not font size)
Fill colour and fill pattern
Border colour and border style (but not border thickness)
Steps
to perform Conditional Formatting:
1. Select all the cells
you want to format conditionally.
2. Click on Conditional
Formatting option available under Styles group in the Home tab. A drop down
list appears.
3. Select the desired
formatting option, then specify the required values.
4. Click OK
Freeze Rows and Columns
- When you are dealing with a huge amount of data that spans several rows or
columns, you may want the headers to remain constant (frozen) while you scroll
through the data so that you can see the identifying names of the rows/columns
is called Freezing of rows and columns.
Steps for Freezing Rows
and Columns
1. Click on Freeze
Panes option available under Window group in View tab.
2. A drop down list
appears as shown below.
3. Click on Freeze
Panes.
Note: The panes are
formed where your cursor is placed. You can also freeze the entire row or column
by selecting the entire row or column and click “Freeze Panes” to freeze the
entire row or column.
Hide / Unhide Rows and
Columns - Sometimes you have data in rows and columns which are needed for
formulas or charts, but you do not want the data to be visible. So, you can
Hide / Unhide that rows and columns. The data in hidden row/column is available
for calculations though not visible.
Steps to Hide a row /
column:-
1.
Either select the particular row/column or just one cell in the corresponding
row/column.
2.
Click on Format option available under Cells group in the Home tab.
3.
A dropdown list appears. Click on Hide & Unhide > Hide Rows.
OR
Select
the row/column, right click and select Hide.
Steps
to Unhide a row / column:-
1. Select any cells
before and after the cell that is hidden.
2. Click Unhide Rows in
the Format option available under Home tab.
PAGE BREAKS
To print a worksheet
with the exact number of pages that you want, you can adjust the page breaks in
the worksheet before
printing it. This feature is very useful especially when printing huge sheets.
Steps To Set Page Break
1. On the View tab, in
the Workbook Views group, click Page Break Preview.
2. To insert a vertical
page break, select the row below where you want to insert the page break.
To insert a horizontal
page break, select the column to the right of where you want to insert the page
break.
3. Click on Breaks down
arrow under Page Setup group in the Page Layout tab.
4. Click on Insert Page
Break option.
5. To move a page
break, simply drag the page break to the desired location.
Steps to Remove Page
Break
Click the Remove Page
Break option in Breaks drop down list.
Note: To return to
Normal view after you finish working with the page breaks, click Normal
in the Workbook Views
group under the View tab.
PAGE LAYOUT
Spread sheet software
provides various page layout options for organizing pages using the Page
Layout option.
Steps to set the page
layout options
Click on Page Layout
option under Workbook Views group on View tab. We can set
◦ Margins
◦ Orientation
◦ Page headers and
footers
◦ Hide or display grid
lines
◦ Size of the page
◦ Define the print area
◦ Specify the
background
MARGINS
Click on Margins option
under Page Setup group, a dropdown list appears.
You can either select
anyone of the predefined margin options available or else you can define your
own margin settings by
clicking Custom Margins option and set the margin values manually from the
options available under
the dialog box.
ORIENTATION
You can set the
orientation of the page to either Portrait or Landscape by clicking the
Orientation
Option under Page Setup
group in the Page Layout tab.
PAGE HEADERS AND
FOOTERS
HIDE OR DISPLAY GRID
LINES
SIZE
You can set the size of
the page by clicking the Size option under Page Setup group in the Page
Layout tab.
DEFINE THE PRINT AREA
Click on Set Print Area
to set the selected to get printed. You can also clear the print area by
clicking
the Clear Print Area
option.
SPECIFY THE BACKGROUND
You can specify a
background for your sheet using the Background option under Page Setup in the Page
Layout tab.
MANAGE WORKBOOK VIEWS
Workbook views are used
for the purpose of viewing the outcome of the worksheet while printing.
There are five types of
views in the spreadsheet:-
1. Normal-This is the
default view of the spreadsheet application. It is a collection of cells arranged
in the work area.
2. Page Layout- With
page layout view, you can quickly fine tune a worksheet and achieve professional
looking results.
3. Page Break Preview-
This option is similar to Page Layout option except you can set the area that
is to be set as a page after inserting page break.
4. Custom View- With
custom view, you can view selected areas of a document.
5. Full Screen-
Selecting this option the workbook cover the entire screen. All tabs are hidden
from view. To get back the tabs, click on File>Restore.
Multiple windows
You can open multiple
windows that display the current spreadsheet and then arrange those windows in
a variety of ways.
Steps to open a new
window of a workbook
1. Click New Window
button on the View tab, in the Window group.
Steps to arrange
multiple windows
1. Click Arrange All
button in the Window group. An Arrange Windows dialog box appears.
2. Click either Tiled,
Horizontal, Vertical, or Cascade options.
3. Click OK.
APPLY CELL AND RANGE
NAMES
We can assign names to
cells in a worksheet and use it for quickly locating specific cells by entering
the names. Range is a collection of cells.
Steps to apply range
names:-
1. Keep the Ctrl key
pressed and click on the cells that you want to give a name OR select the range
of cells.
2. Right click and
select Name a Range.... OR select Define name under Defines Names group in the
Formulas tab.
3. A New Name dialog
box appears. Enter the name in the Name field.
4. Click OK.
CREATE MODIFY AND
FORMAT CHARTS
A chart is graphical
representation of data in which data is represented by symbols such as bars in
a bar chart, lines in a line chart or slices in a pie chart. Spreadsheet helps
to create, modify and format charts based on the data given in the spreadsheet.
Steps to create a
chart:-
1. Prepare data in the
spreadsheet on which you want to create the chart. Select the data.
2. Click on the chart
type that you want from Charts group under the Insert tab.
3. A chart will be
displayed in the spreadsheet.
4. You can modify the
chart values by making necessary modifications in the data table.
Chart has many
elements, however, only some of the elements are displayed by default.
Following are the elements of a chart:-
1. Chart Area
2. Plot Area
3. Data Points
4. Horizontal and
Vertical Axis
5. Legend
6. Chart and Axis Title
7. Data Label
Chart Types
Different charts
display data in very different ways. Using the best chart type and format helps
you to display data visually in the most meaningful way. Following are the
different types of chart:-
1. Bar charts: A bar
chart (horizontal bars) emphasizes the comparison between items at a fixed period
of time. This chart type also includes cylinder, cone and pyramid subtypes.
2. Column Charts: A
column chart emphasizes variation over a period of time. This chart type also
includes cylinder, cone and pyramid subtypes.
3. Line Charts: A line
chart shows the relation of the changes in the data over a period of time.
4. Pie Charts: A Pie
chart shows the relationship of the parts to the whole.
5. Area Charts: An area
chart shows the relative importance of values over time.
6. XY (Scatter) Charts:
Scatter charts are useful for showing a correlation among the data points that
may not be easy to see from data alone.
SORT & FILTER DATA
Sort:- It is a feature
that helps you arrange the selected data either in an ascending or descending order.
Steps to Sort Data
1. Select the data to
be sorted and then click on Sort option under Sort & Filter group in the
Data tab.
2. Specify on what
basis you need to sort the data in the Sort by field and select the order that
is ascending and descending and then click OK.
Filter:- It is a
feature used for extracting particular data using some conditions.
Steps to Filter Data
1. Click the Filter
option available under Sort & Filter group in the Data tab. Before applying
the filter, select the data along with the header.
2. Once you click on
filter, the header will be displayed with a down arrow.
CALCULATE DATA ACROSS
WORKSHEETS
To summarize and report
results from separate worksheets, you can consolidate data from each into a
master worksheet. The worksheets can be in the same workbook as the master
worksheet or in the other workbooks. The assembling of data is required so that
updates and calculations can be performed easily.
Steps:-
1. Create a sheet 1
name it as year1.
2. Create a sheet 2
name it as year2.
3. For using sheet 1 or
sheet 2 data in any of the sheets use year1! Or year2! Respectively.
For example:- if you
want to add B1:B3 range of sheet 1 in sheet 2 use =SUM(year1!B1:B3).
Note:- using this
feature, we can use a value of a cell located at one sheet in the another
sheet.
USING MULTIPLE
WORKBOOKS & LINKING CELLS
Spreadsheet also allows
to link the cells from various worksheets and from various spreadsheets to summarize
data from several sources. In this way, we can create formulas that span
different sources and make calculations using a combination of local and linked
information. We can link the data from other spreadsheets and keep the
information up to date without editing multiple locations every time, the data
changes.
Steps :-
1. Open a new
spreadsheet workbook.
2. For example, we are
using sum formula, type =sum(, while the parenthesis is opened, click on
Switch Windows option
under Window group in the View tab. A drop down list appears containing all the
active workbooks names.
3. Click on the other
workbook name eg. Book1 and select the desired cells eg. A2:A5
4. Press Enter. After
pressing enter, we see that we are back on the previous workbook with the desired
result.
SHARING WORKSHEET DATA
Using this feature of
spreadsheet, multiple users can access a single sheet simultaneously in a network
location.
Steps:-
1. Click on Share
workbook option under Changes group in the Review tab.
2. A dialog box appears
as shown below.
3. Check the option
Allow changes by more than one user at the same time. This also
allows workbook
merging.
4. Click OK.
UNIT - 2
WEB APPLICATION : Networking
Fundamentals
Network: A computer
network is a collection of computers and other hardware components
interconnected by communication channels (cables or satellites) that allow
sharing of resources and information.
Networks are designed
using the following architecture:
Peer to peer (P2P):
Networks which all computers have an equal status are called peer to peer
networks. Generally in such a network each terminal has an equally competent
CPU.
Client-Server:
Networks, in which certain computers have special dedicated tasks, providing
services to other computers (in the network) are called client server networks.
The computer(s) which provide services are called servers and the ones that use
these services are called clients.
Types of Network:
There are 2 major types
of network:-
1) LAN:- LAN is Local
Area Network. It is used to connect computers and devices within a small
geographical area such as home, school etc.
2) WAN:- WAN is Wide
Area Network. It is used to connect computers in a broad area such as national
and international boundaries.
Eg. Internet.
Internet: Internet is a
global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard
Internet protocol suite to serve billions of users
worldwide. It is a
network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic,
business, and government networks.
World Wide Web: World
Wide Web (abbreviated as WWW or W3, commonly known as the Web), is a system of
interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet.
Web Browser: A Web
Browser is software used to view Web sites and acts as an interface between the
user and the World Wide Web.
Web Server: A Web
server is a computer that stores web sites and their related files for viewing
on the Internet.
Uses of Network:-
1) Data Sharing: We can
share data like text files, documents, audio and video files to other users
with the help of Networking.
2) Hardware Sharing:
Hardware components like printers, scanners etc. can also be shared with the
help of networking.
3) Internet Access Sharing:
Through networking we can access a single internet connection on multiple
computers within a network.
4) Usage of Network
Based Applications: Applications like chat applications, audio and video
calling is an another advantage.
Getting Access to the Internet:-
To use Internet we need
the following:-
1) ISP:- ISP is
Internet Service Provider. It is an organization which provides us with the
access of Internet. For eg. BSNL, Airtel, MTNL etc.
2) Modem:- The word
modem is derived from its function
Modulator/DEModulator.
It is a device which is used to convert digital computer signals into analog
signals and vice-versa.
Types of Internet
Connectivity
Types of Internet
Connectivity can be broadly categorized into Wired
Technology and Wireless
Technology.
Wired Technology:-
1) Dial-up:- It uses
the facilities of the Public Switched Telephone
Network (PSTN) to
establish a internet connection via telephone lines using a device called
MODEM. Users dial a number and get access to internet. Dial-up connections are
extremely slow.
2) DSL:- DSL is Digital
Subscriber Line provides internet connectivity by transmitting digital data
over wires of a local telephone network. It enables the use of Telephone and
Data Transmission on a single telephone line. For using DSL Connection, we need
a DSL modem and a subscription.
3) Cable Internet
Access:- It is a form of broadband Internet access that uses the cable TV
infrastructure. It is provided through existing cable TV networks and it is
similar to DSL.
Wireless Technology:-
1) 3G:- 3G, is short
for 3 rd Generation. It is a set of standards used for Mobile devices and
mobile telecommunication services and networks. If the phone supports 3G, then
high speed internet connectivity can be accessed through its subscription. High-Speed
Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) is a 3G protocol (standard) that allows higher
data transfer speeds and capacity.
2) WiMAX:- WiMAX is
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access is a wireless communications
standard designed to provide mobile broadband connectivity across cities and
countries through variety of devices. It is a long range system. It is
beneficial where there is a difficulty in laying out cables and wires.
3) Wi-Fi:- It is a
popular technology used to transfer data wirelessly over a network. Wi-Fi
stands for Wireless Fidelity. The wireless network is formed through a device
called Wireless Access Point (WAP). It is beneficial as there is no need of
laying out wires for transferring data.
Data Transfer On the
Internet :-
The data is broken up
into bits of same sized pieces called packets.
A header is added to
each packet explaining where the data has come from, where it should end up and
where it fits in with the rest of the packets.
Each packet is sent
from computer to computer until it finds its destination. All packets may not
take the same route.
At the destination,
the packets are examined. If any packets are missing or damaged, a message is
sent asking for them to be resent. This continues until all packets have been
received intact.
The packets are now
reassembled into their original form. All this done in seconds!
Session
3 : INTRODUCTION TO THE INSTANT MESSAGING
INSTANT MESSAGING
Instant Messaging (IM)
is a form of communication over the internet that offers an instantaneous
transmission of text-based messages from sender to receiver. Most IM software
includes the option to transfer files, audio chat, video, images etc.
Key Features of IM are
:-
1)
Text message can be sent from one person to another(similar to SMS)
2)
Audio calling and conferencing
3)
Video calling and conferencing
4)
File Transfers
5)
Message History (Save messages for future reference)
Types
of Instant Messaging Software
There are two kinds of
IM Software:-
1) Application Based:-
These software are downloaded and installed on user’s computer. Eg. Google Talk
, Yahoo! Messenger , Skype , Window Live Messenger , Rediff Bol etc.
2) Web Based:- They are
accessed using browsers such as Internet Explorer etc. Eg. MSN Web Messenger ,
Yahoo! Messenger for the Web , Meebo , IMO etc.
BLOG
A blog is a discussion
style site used by non-technical users for creating personal web pages. Blog is
similar to an online personal diary and similar to use. A blog is used to
convey messages, events, news, and announcements etc.
Blogs are usually
managed through web browser which needs an internet connection. A blog can also
be created through Offline Blog Software and later publish the content when the
internet connection is available.
Examples
of Websites that offer blog services:-
www.blogger.com
www.wordpress.com
www.weebly.com
www.blog.com
ONLINE
TRANSACTIONS
The transactions over
the internet are called Online Transactions Like purchasing of goods, selling
of goods, booking a ticket, payment of fees etc. all comes under the category
of Online transactions.
Examples
of Online Transaction websites:-
1)
For Buying Goods :- amazon, jabong, myntra, flipkart , ebay etc.
2)
For Booking of Tickets :- IRCTC , Redbus etc.
3)
For Payment of School Fee :- epay.unionbankofindia.co.in/kvfee
Payment Tools to use
Online Transactions:-
For
completing an online transaction we must need:-
1)
Valid Debit Card
2)
Valid Credit Card
3)
Net Banking Subscription
INTERNET
SECURITY
It is a branch of
computer security specifically related to the internet, involving browser
security and also network security.
Objectives of Internet
Security:-
The main objective of
internet security is to establish rules and measures to use against attacks
over the internet.
Online Threats
The threats / vulnerabilities
that uses World Wide Web (Internet) to facilitate crimes are called Online
Threats.
Like:-
1) Phishing :- The act
of acquiring personal / private and sensitive data from personal computers for
use in fraudulent activities. For eg. Mails from unknown persons that ask for
your credit / debit card details.
2) Email spoofing :- It
is the creation of email messages with a forged sender address. For eg. Sending
an email with a forged email address which appears to be original. These mails
are infected mails which contain worms.
3) Chat Spoofing:-
Spoofing means hoax, trick, or deceive which contains false information. Hiding
/ Faking the identity of another person over the internet is called chat
spoofing.
BEST PRACTICES FOR
SECURITY OVER INTERNET
1. Use strong
passwords: A combination of alphanumeric and special characters could be used
for creating a password that is not so easy to crack or guessed by other users.
General guidelines for strong password
a) Keep the length of
the password at least 12-14 characters if permitted.
b) Avoid keeping
passwords based on repetition words, dictionary words, usernames, pet names
etc.
c) Include numbers and
symbols in passwords.
d) Use Capital and
lowercase letters.
e) Avoid using same
password for multiple sites or purposes.
f) Avoid using
something that the public or workmates know you strongly like or dislikes.
2. Backup your data:
Always keep copies of data in CD, pen drives etc, so it could be helpful in
situation when there is a loss of data.
3. Use Encryption software:
Use encrypted software available within the operating software to protect data
from unauthorized users.
4. Keep username and
password private: Never save passwords or usernames on computers that are used
in shared environments like net café.
5. Registering with
website: Read privacy policy whenever you register with a website, the policy
will include information about how the website use personal data.
6. Do not share
personal information: Be cautious when filling out forms on internet. Because
your personal information or emails could be used by unauthorized users to send
fake or unwanted emails. So, first research and verify if it’s a trusted
website or not before providing personal information to any website.
7. Secure transactions:
It is always recommended to use only secure websites for online shopping or
transactions, because these websites store your credit card or online banking
personal information. Verify if the website uses secure transaction, usually it
is indicated through a digital certificate represented as a golden lock in the
web browser’s address bar.
8. Use Antivirus and
antispyware software: These software’s protect your computer from any changes
by malwares/threats. Keep these software’s up to date.
9. Do not immediately
respond to mails from unknown users:
Some mails, that
promise you jobs or announce lottery results, may contain virus or scripts or
they can try to gather your personal information. Never open the attachments
from unknown persons.
10. Install firewalls:
Firewalls keep your system and network secure. They could be software or
hardware. So, Install and configure your firewall.
11. Regularly update
your operating system and software applications.
12. When you visit
websites, cookies are created on your system that may contain your personal or
logon details. Clear browser cookies frequently so that your logon details
could not be tracked by unauthorized users.
SESSION
1:-WORKING WITH ACCESSIBILITY OPTIONS
Computer Accessibility
:- It refers to the user friendliness of a computer system for all, regardless
of their disability. It enables a person with a disability or impairment to use
a computer. It is also known as Assistive
Technology.
There are numerous
types of impairment that impact computer usage.
These includes:-
1) Cognitive
impairments and learning disabilities, such as dyslexia, autism, and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
2) Visual impairment,
such as low-vision, complete or partial blindness, and color blindness.
3) Hearing impairment
including deafness.
4) Motor or dexterity
impairment, such as paralysis, cerebral palsy, or carpal tunnel syndrome and
repetitive strain injury.
These accessibility
options are used to customize the way your keyboard, display, or mouse
function.
Various Accessibility
Options
1) Sticky Keys:- It is
an accessibility feature to help computer users with physical disabilities. It
allows the user to press and release a modifier key, such as Ctrl, Alt, Shift
etc. and have it remain active until any other key is pressed.
2) Filter Keys:- It is
an accessibility feature that tells the keyboard to ignore repeated key
strokes, making typing easier for people with hand tremors.
3) Toggle Keys:- It is
an accessibility feature which is designed for people who have vision
impairment or cognitive disabilities. When toggle keys are turned on, the
computer emits a high sound when the locking keys, such as Caps Lock, Num Lock,
Scroll Lock are switched on and a low sound when they are switched off.
4) Sound Sentry:- It is
designed for the users with auditory impairments. It generates warnings, such
as blinking title bar or a flashing border, whenever the computer generates a
sound.
5) Show Sounds:- It
instructs applications that convey information by sound, to also provide
information visually, through text captions or informative icons.
6) High Contrast:- It
is an accessibility feature to assist people with vision impairment. It can
change the size and color of fonts and the background for ease of viewing.
7) Cursor Options:- It
is an accessibility feature that assists people with vision impairment by
changing the blink rate and width of the cursor.
8) Mouse Keys:- It is
an accessibility feature that assists people who have difficulty using a mouse.
This option uses the keyboard as a pointing device instead of a mouse.
9) Serial keys:- It is
an accessibility feature that assists people that have difficulty in using a
keyboard or a mouse or both. They can use special devices such as Sip, Puff and
Breath Switches to provide input to the computer through serial ports.
