Class 11 Political Science NCERT QUESTION ANSWER OF Chapter 2 - Freedom Prepared by Suman Kumar Jha

 Chapter 2 - Freedom

Question 1:

What is meant by freedom? Is there a relationship between freedom for the individual and freedom for

the nation?

Answer:

Freedom is a situation that limits the constraints on individuals and allows them to expand their

ability and reach their potential.

Freedom allows the full development of an individual’s creativity, sensibility, capabilities and the

autonomy to make choices.

It permits the individuals to exercise their power of reason and judgement.

Yes, there is a relationship between freedom for the individual and freedom for the nation.

A free nation allows the full development of individual’s talent and ability by making fewer

constraints on individuals.

An individual is said to be free only if s/he resides in a free nation.

A nation is said to be free if it has freedom as one of its principles and only if it has provided this to

its people. In this way, individual freedom and national freedom are closely linked together.

Question 2:

What is the difference between the negative and positive conception of liberty?

Answer:

Negative liberty Positive liberty

1. It defines and defends the area of

an individual’s life where no

external authority can interfere.

i. It defines the area of society where an

individual can be free with some constraints

made by the society and the government.

2. It is not concerned with the

conditions of the society.

ii. It is concerned with the enabling conditions

of the society.

3. It is concerned with explaining the

idea of ‘freedom from’.

iii. It is concerned with explaining the idea of

‘freedom to’.

4. This area comes into personal

domain of the individual.

iv. This area comes into social domain of the

individual.

5. More negative liberty leads to more

freedom.

v. More positive liberty checks excess of

freedom to an individual, which could be an obstruction for social stability.

Question 3:

What is meant by social constraints? Are constraints of any kind necessary for enjoying freedom?

Answer:

Social constraints are the external controls on individual freedom maintained by the society.

The government, as a part of the society, controls individual freedom through laws that embodies

the power of the government and are legitimatised.

Constraints on freedom are also a result of social inequality.

Yes, constraints are essential to enjoy freedom.

Constraints are necessary to develop respect for views and beliefs of others.

It is necessary for the creation of a society.

Absence of constraint would lead to imposition of beliefs and ideas of stronger groups eventually

leading to conflict.

Constraints are required to control violence and settle disputes.

Question 4:

What is the role of the state in upholding freedom of its citizens?

Answer:

The state upholds the freedom of its citizens by providing certain rights to them.

The state maintains ‘justifiable constraints’ or reasonable restrictions on people so that they cannot

harm others and their freedom.

It provides positive liberty to its citizens to enable them to expand their ability and talent.

It defines and checks ‘other regarding’ actions of its people in order to maintain social stability.

Question 5:

What is meant by freedom of expression? What in your view would be a reasonable restriction on this

freedom? Give examples.

Answer:

Freedom of expression means the freedom to express one’s views through speech, writing etc. 

It is considered to belong to the minimum area of ‘non-interference’, that is, negative liberty.

According to the provisions of the Indian Constitution, this is a fundamental right.

Society bears some inconvenience caused by freedom of speech to protect it from people who

want to restrict it.

Society cannot restrict people from expressing themselves freely whether it agrees with their views

or not.

A reasonable restriction of freedom of expression is one that allows society to function smoothly

and curbs interference in privacy.

These restrictions are reasonable as they are necessary to run the society smoothly.

Following are some reasonable restrictions on freedom of speech.

Freedom of speech cannot interfere in someone’s privacy. Employees of Royal household of

England are constrained by contract from disclosing any inner affairs of the royal household.

Another example of putting restriction on freedom of speech is of film censor board. Censor board

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 2 The End of Bipolarity PREPARED BY SUMAN KUMAR JHA

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 2  The End of Bipolarity

 TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS SOLVED

1. Which among the following statements that describe the nature of Soviet economy is wrong?
(a) Socialism was the dominant ideology.
(b) State ownership/control existed over the factors of production.
(c) People enjoyed economic freedom.
(d) Every aspect of the economy was planned and contained by the state.
Answer: (c) People enjoyed economic freedom.

2. Arrange the following in chronological order:
(a) Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
(b) Fall of the Berlin Wall
(c) Disintegration of Soviet Union
(d) Russian Revolution
Answer:  I. (d) Russian Revolution (1917)
II. (a) Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (1979)
III. (b) Fall of the Berlin Wall (Nov 1989)
IV. (c) Disintegration of Soviet Union

3. Which among the following is NOT an outcome of the disintegration of the USSR?
(a) End of the ideological war between the US and USSR
(b) Birth of CIS
(c) Change in the balance of power in the world order
(d) Crises in the Middle East
Answer:  (d) Crises in the Middle East

4. Match the following:
Students Pl. see questions in Book
Ans:  (i)-(c); (ii)-(d); (iti)-(a); (iv)-(e); (v)-(b)

5. Fill in the blanks:
(a) The Soviet Political System was
based on ideology.
(b) was the military alliance
started by the USSR.
(c) party dominated the
Soviet Union’s political system.
(d) initiated the reforms
in the USSR in 1985.
(e) The fall of the symbolised
the end of the Cold War.
Answer: (a) socialist (b) Warsaw Pact
(c) Communist (d) Gorbachev
(e) Berlin wall

6. Mention any three features that distinguish the Soviet economy from that of a capitalist country like the US.
Answer:  The three features that distinguish the Soviet economy from that of a capitalist country like the US, can be summed up as follows:
1. Soviet economy experienced a complex communication network, vast energy resources and an efficient transport sector to connect its remotest areas.
2. Soviet Union industries produced every domestic product from pin to cars, whose quality might not match with that of the west technology.
3. Soviet Union ensured a minimum standard of living for all its citizens. Consequently Government subsidised basic necessities including health, education, children and other welfare schemes.
4. There was an absence of unemployment in Soviet Union.
5. Land and productive assets were owned by the state only.

7. What were the factors that forced Gorbachev to initiate the reforms in the USSR?
Answer:  Mikhail Gorbachev was the General Secretary of Communist Party of Soviet Union in 1985. He was forced to initiate the reforms in the USSR due to following reasons:
1. To keep the USSR abreast of information and technological revolutions at par the West.
2. To normalise the relations with that of the West.
3. To democratise the Soviet System.
4. To loosen the administrative system which exempted ordinary people from the privileges.

8. What were the major consequences of the disintegration of the Soviet Union for countries like India?
Answer: The major consequences of the disintegration of the Soviet Union for countries like India can be analysed as follows:

1. Disintegration of Soviet Union gave an end to Cold War confrontations and to ideological disputes between two superpowers.
2. Military alliances had been abolished and demand arose for world peace and security.
3. Multipolar system was surpassed to exist where no single power could dominate and a group of countries could play a crucial role in world politics like NAM Countries.
4. The US became the sole superpower and capitalist economy became dominant at international level. World Bank and IMF became powerful advisors due to their economic support to these countries during transitional period.

5. The motion of liberal democracy emerged as a way to organise political life.
6. Due to disintegration of Soviet Union many new countries emerged with the independent aspirations and choices.
7. The Baltic and East European states wanted to join European Union and became the part of NATO. The Central Asian countries took the advantage of their geographical location and continued close ties with Russia, West, China and others.

9. What was Shock Therapy? Was this the best way to make a transition from communism to capitalism?
Answer:  Shock Therapy was a painful process of transition from an authoritarian socialist system to a democratic capitalist system. This transformation system was influenced by the world bank and the IMF in Russia, Central Asia and East Europe. Though it varies in intensity and speed amongst the former second world countries but its direction and features were quite similar.
This was not the best way to make a transition from communism to capitalism due to following drawbacks:
1. Russia, the large state controlled industrial complex lost about 90 per cent of its industries through sales to private individuals and companies
2. It created “the largest garage sale in history” which led virtual disappearance of entire industries for the restructuring was carried out by market forces in place of government owned policies.
Hence, industries were undervalued and sold at throwaway prices.
3. It systematically destroyed old system of social welfare.
4. The value of ‘ruble’, the Russian currency, declined dramatically due to high rate of inflation and real GDP of Russia also declined between 1989 to 1999.
5. The withdrawal of government subsidies pushed large sections of society into poverty and it emerged mafia to start controlling many economic activities.
6. Privatisation led to new disparities which divided Russia between rich and poor people creating economic inequality.
7. Hence, Shock Therapy brought ruin to economies and disaster upon the people of entire region.

10. Write an essay for or against the following proposition. “With the disintegration of the second world, India should change its foreign policy and focus more on friendship with the US rather than with traditional friends like Russia”.
Answer:  India should not change its foreign policy and focus more on friendship with US, but India is required to maintain healthy relations with Russia because India has experienced a long band of mutual trust, interests and popular perceptions with Russia in the following manner:
1. Russia and India share a vision of multipolar world order i.e. co¬existence of several world powers internationally, collective security, greater regionalism, democratisation with the decision-making through bodies like the UN.
2. More than 80 bilateral agreements have been experienced between India and Russia as a part of the Indo- Russia Strategic Agreement of 2001.
3. India has been benefitted from its relationship on the issues like Kashmir, energy supplies, sharing information on international terrorism, access to Central Asia and balancing its relation with China.
4. Russia is also important for India’s nuclear energy plane and assisting India’s space industry by giving cryogenic rocket to India whenever needed.
5. Co-operation with Russia and its republics like Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan in the form of partnership and investment in oil fields has also benefitted India.
6. Russia is also benefitted from India on ground of the second largest arms market for Russia. Indian military gets most of its hardware from Russia.
7. Russia and India have collaborated on various scientific projects also.

MORE QUESTIONS SOLVED

Very Short Answer Type Questions [1 Mark]
1. When did Socialist Revolution take place in Russia?
Answer:  1917.

2. What was Shock Therapy?
Answer:  Shock Therapy was the transitional form from authoritarian socialist system to a democratic capitalist system in Russia, Central Asia and East Europe under the influence of the World Bank and IMF.

3. What was the largest garage sale in history?
Answer:  Largest garage sale in history was resulted due to shock therapy to undervalue the valuable industries of the USSR to sell them at throwaway prices.

4. What was the immediate cause of disintegration of USSR?
Answer:  The rise of nationalism and the desire for sovereignty within various republics including Russia and the Baltic Republic (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania), Ukraine, Georgia and others proved to be the most immediate cause for disintegration of the USSR.

5. What was Socialist Bloc?
Answer:  The Second World countries or the group of east European countries who were liberated from fascist forces, followed the model of the USSR, known as Socialist Bloc.

6. What is the new name of former USSR?
Answer:  Russia.

7. When did the Berlin Wall fall?
Answer:   November 1989.

8. Who was the General Secretary of Communist Party of Soviet Union in 1985?
Answer:   Mikhail Gorbachev.

9. Mention the role of Boris Yeltsin in the disintegration of the USSR.
Answer:  Boris Yeltsin had emerged as national hero after popular election in Russian Republic. In Dec 1991, under the leadership of Boris Yeltsin, Russia, Ukraine and Belarus declared themselves independent.

10. What does CIS stand for?
Answer:  Commonwealth of Independent States.

Very Short Answer Type Questions [2 Marks]
1. What is meant by Shock Therapy?
Answer:  The ‘Shock Therapy’ was the state of affairs which signifies the collapse of communism followed by a painful process of transition from an authoritarian socialist system to a democratic capitalist system-
1. ‘Shock Therapy’ administered in the year 1900 not to lead the people into the promised utopia of mass consumption.
2. It brought ruin to economies and disaster upon the people of entire region.

2. Why is it said that collapse of Berlin wall signified the collapse of bipolar world?
Answer:  Collapse of Berlin Wall unified the
divided Germany and eight east European countries of the Soviet Bloc replaced their Communist government resulting into disintegration of Soviet Union. With the disintegration of Soviet Union, military alliances came to an end and the world became unipolar.

3. Mention any two characteristics of Soviet Political System.
Answer:  1. The Soviet Political System central around the Communist Party and no other political party or opposition was allowed.
2. The economy was planned and controlled by the state only.
Or
The one party system had tight control over all institutions and was unaccountable to people.
3. People locked democracy and were snatched away their right to freedom of speech and expression.

4. “The Soviet Union lagged behind the West”. Comment. 
Answer. The Soviet Union lagged behind the West in technology, infrastructure (transport, power etc.) as it could not cope with the political and economic aspirations of people and resulted in:
1. Though wages continued to grow but productivity and technology fell considerably behind that of the West.
2. This led to shortage of consumer goods and increased food import every year.
3. The above mentioned reasons made the Soviet economy stagnant.

5. Mention some features of Soviet Society.
Answer:  1. Soviet Society gave priority to the state and party institutions only.
2. Only the Communist Party was ruling over there and no opposition was allowed.
3. The economy was planned and controlled by the state only.
4. The Soviet Union became the great power after the Second World War.

6. Write anote onformationof Commonwealth of Independent States.
Answer:  Disintegration of the USSR gave birth to Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) when under the leadership of Boris Yeltsin Russia, Ukraine and Belarus declared themselves as independent and gave a surprise to other republics especially to central Asian Republics. This issue was resolved quickly by making these republics as founding
members of the CIS and Russia became the successor state who inherited the Soviet sea in the UN and accepted all the international treaties and commitments.

7. Mention any two possibilities which were being presumed in changed scenario of world politics after disintegration of the USSR.
Answer: 1. The US, the only superpower could dominate the world and make a unipolar world.
2. A multipolar world could also exist where no other power could dominate or the group of countries could participate in the international affairs.

8. How did the USSR come into existence?
Answer:  The USSR came into existence after the Socialist revolution in Russia in 1917 with the inspiration of socialism and a need of egalitarian society who opposed capitalism. This was considered the biggest attempt in human history to abolish the institution of private property and to design a society based on equality.

9. Who was Gorbachev? Why did he seek to reform Soviet Society?
Answer:  Gorbachev was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1985. He was forced by the following factors to seek reforms in Soviet Society:
1. To keep the USSR abreast of the
information and technological revolutions.
2. To bring Soviet economy at par with the west.
3. To loosen the administrative system.
4. To democratise Soviet System and to normalise relations with the west.

10. How did Shock Therapy affect trade and commerce of Russia?
Answer. Shock Therapy affected trade and commerce of Russia in the following manner:
1. The value of Ruble, the Russian ’ currency declined.
2. Inflation rose at a very high rate and it lost all savings of people.
3. Lack of productivity and technology created shortage of food which increased food imports every year.
4. The GDP of Russia also declined between 1989 to 1999.

11. When and how did Russia revive its economy?
Answer: Russia revived its economy in 2000 by the export of natural resources like oil, natural gas and minerals. Even other countries have also gained due to crossing of pipelines from their region and they have been paid a rent. Russia has started some manufacturing units also to revive its economy.

12. Write a note on tension and conflicts that occurred in Russia.
Answer:  In Russia, two republics—Chechnya and Dagestan—had violent secessionist movements. Moscow’s method of dealing with the Chechen rebels and indiscriminate military bombings have led to many human rights violation but failed to deter the aspirations for ‘independence’.

13. Mention the methods of‘Shock Therapy’ amongst the former Second World countries.
Answer:  1. The newly evolved criterion required to make a total shift to a capitalist economy to root out completely any structures evolved during Soviet period.
2. Shock therapy involved a drastic change in the external orientation.
3. Sudden and complete switch to free trade was considered essential.
4. It also involved openness to foreign investment, financial opening up and currency convertibility.

14. “ The old system of social welfare was systematically destroyed”. With reference to Shock Therapy, justify the statement. 
Ans:  1. The Government withdrew subsidies and pushed people into poverty.
2. The middle classes were pushed to the periphery of society and the academic and intellectual manpower migrated.
3. A mafia had been emerged and started controlling many economic activities.
4. Privatisation led to new disparities.

Short Answer Type Questions [4 Marks]
1. Describe any four consequences of the disintegration of Soviet Union.
Answer: (i) The disintegration of Soviet Union meant the end of Cold War confrontations which demanded the end of armed race and restoration of possible peace.
(ii) This disintegration created the possibility to bring in a ‘multipolar system’ where no power could dominate.
(iii) The US became the sole superpower and the ‘capitalist economy’ was now dominant economic system at international level.
(iv) This disintegration emerged in many new countries dividing Soviet Union into 15 independent countries alongwith their own aspirations and choices.

2. Explain any two reasons for disintegration of the USSR.
Answer:  1. The internal weaknesses of Soviet political and economic institutions failed to meet the aspirations of the people.
2. Economic stagnation for many years led to severed consumer shortage and a large section of Soviet society began to double the system because Communist Party was not accountable to peoples.

3. What were the political reasons for disintegration of Soviet Union?
Answer:  1. The Communist Party of Soviet Union had ruled for over 70 years but it was not accountable to people.
2. Ordinary people had been alienated and were exempted from enjoying the privileges and to participate actively in political affairs.
3. Due to slow and stifling administration, the inability of system to correct mistakes lost popular support.
4. The centralisation of authority in > vast land.

4. In what manner Gorbachev’s reform policy was protested? Who took the command during these events?
Answer. 1. The East European countries which were the part of the Soviet Bloc, started to protest against their own
government and Soviet control.
2. Boris Yeltsin took the command during these events as he got popular support of people in the elections and began to shake off centralised control.
3. Power began to shift from centre to the republics which declared themselves independent.
4. In December 1991, under the leadership of Boris Yeltsin Russia, Ukraine and Baltics declared themselves as sovereign states.

5. Why did Soviet system become so weak and Soviet economy stagnant?
Answer:  Soviet system became so weak and Soviet economy stagnant due to the following reasons:
1. The Soviet economy used much of its resources in maintaining nuclear and military arsenals.
2. Soviet economy concentrated on the development of its satellite states in Eastern Europe especially in the five central Asian Republics.
3. This led to a huge economic burden on people to be coped up with.
4. Ordinary citizens became more knowledgeable about the economic advancement of the West and backwardness of Soviet system.

6. Why did Gorbachev’s reform policy fail in spite of his accurate diagnosis of the problem?
Answer. 1. When Gorbachev carried out his reforms and loosened the system, he set in motion forces and expectations that few could have predicted and became virtually impossible to control.
2. Some sections of Soviet Society felt that Gorbachev should have moved much faster and were disappointed and impatient with him.
3. The members of communist party felt that their power and privileges were eroding and Gorbachev was moving too quickly.
4. In this tug of war, Gorbachev lost support on all sides and divided public opinion with the disillusionment of inadequate dependence.

Passage Based Questions [5 Marks]
1. Read the following passage (NCERT Textbook, page 27) carefully and answer the questions:
In eastern Europe, Czechoslovakia split peacefully into two, with the Czechs and the Slovaks forming independent countries. But the most severe conflict took place in the Balkan republics of Yugoslavia. After 1991, it broke apart with several provinces like Croatia, Slovenia and Bosnia and Herzegovina declaring independence. Ethnic Serbs opposed this, and a massacre of non-Serb Bosnians followed. The NATO intervention and the bombing of Yugoslavia followed interethnic civil war.

Questions
1. In Eastern Europe which republic split into two?
2. Name the republic/place where severe conflict took place.
3. Name various provinces with which Yugoslavia had been broken in 1991?
4. Which incidents resulted into inter-ethnic civil war?
Answer: 
1. Czechoslovakia split into two with Czechs and Slovaks.
2. Balkan republics of Yugoslavia.
3. Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia, Herzegovina.
4. 1. Ethnic Serbs opposed the breakirigup
of several provinces independently following a massacre of non-serb Bosnians.
2. NATO intervention and bombing on Yugoslavia.
2. Read the following passage (NCERT Textbook, page 18) carefully and answer the questions:
The Soviet system, however, became very bureaucratic and authoritarian, making life very difficult for its citizens. Lack of democracy and the absence of freedom of speech stifled people who often expressed their dissent in jokes and cartoons. Most of the institutions of the Soviet state needed reform : the one-party system
represented by the communist party of the Soviet union had tight control over all institutions and was unaccountable to the people. The party refused to recognise the urge of people in the fifteen different republics that formed the Soviet Union to manage their own affairs including their cultural affairs. Although, on paper, Russia was only one of the fifteen republics then together constituted the USSR in reality Russia dominated everything, and people from other regions felt neglected and often suppressed.

Questions
1. What was Soviet system?
2. How many republics formed Soviet Union?
3. Which republic dominated in the USSR?
4. Why did people become dissatisfied
with the rule of Communist Party of Soviet Union?
Answer: 
1. Soviet system was bureaucratic and
authoritarian making life difficult for citizens.
2. Soviet system lacked democracy and the freedom of speech of people was also snatched away.
2. 15 Republics.
3. Russia.
4. 1. Soviet Union had tight control over
all institutions.
2. Soviet Union was unaccountable to people.
3. Soviet Union refused 15 republics to manage their own affairs.

Long Answer Type Questions [6 Marks]
1. What was Soviet system? Assess any four features of Soviet system.
Answer:  Soviet system was introduced after Socialist Revolution in Russia in 1917. It was based on the principle of egalitarian society and planned economy controlled by the state. Its four features can be summed up in the following ways:
1. The Soviet system ensured a minimum standard of living for its citizens.
2. The government subsidised basic necessities including health,education, childcare and other welfare schemes.
3. There was no unemployment in the Soviet system.
4. State ownership was the dominant owned and controlled by the Soviet state.

2. Explain six factors which helped Soviet Union becoming superpower after Second World War.
Answe:  The following factors helped Soviet Union becoming superpower after Second World War:
1. The east European countries the Soviet army had liberated from the fascist forces came under the control of the USSR.
2. The political and economic systems of all these countries were modelled after the USSR and collectively were called the second world.
3. The WARSAW PACT, a military alliance held them together and the USSR was the leader of the bloc.
4. The Soviet economy was then more developed than the rest of the world except for the US.
5. It had a complex communication network, vast energy resources including oil, iron and steel, (machinery) production and a transport sector that connected its remotest _areas with efficiency.
6. It had a domestic consumer industry that produced everything from pins to cars to make themselves self-dependent.

3. “During the Cold War era India and the USSR enjoyed a special relationship which made critics to say that India was part of Soviet camp”. Examine the statement.
Or
“India and the USSR enjoyed mutual dimensional relationship.” Justify the statement.
Answer:  During the Cold War era India and the USSR enjoyed a special relationship which made critics to say that India was part of the Soviet camp. It was a multi-dimensional relationship:
1. Economic:
(a) The Soviet Union assisted India’s public sector companies at a time when such assistance was difficult to get.
(b) It gave aid and technical assistance for steel plants like Bhilai, Bokaro, Vishakhapatnam and machinery plants like Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd.
(c) The Soviet Union accepted Indian currency for trade when India was short of foreign exchange.
2. Political:
(а) The Soviet Union supported India’s positions on the Kashmir issue in the WN.
(b) The Soviet Union also supported India during its major conflicts during the war with Pakistan in 1971.
(c) India too supported Soviet foreign policy in some crucial but indirect ways.
3. Military:
(a) India received military hardware from Soviet Union.
(b) India got technological know-how regarding maintenance of military arsenal.
(c) India and Soviet Union got mutual agreements to produce military equipments.
4. Cultural:
(a) Hindi films and Indian culture were popular in the Soviet Union.
(b) A large number of Indian writers and artists visited the USSR.
(c) Indian heroes from Raj Kapoor to Amitabh Bachhan are household names in Russia.

4. Mention the causes of Soviet disintegration.
Answer:  The causes of Soviet disintegration can be summed up as follows:
1. Economic Stagnancy:
(a) Economic institutions experienced internal weaknesses to meet the aspirations of people.
(b) Economic stagnation for many years to severe consumer shortages.
2. Political and Administrative Causes:
(a) The only ruling Communist Party was not accountable despite its rule of 70 years.
(b) Theordinaiypeoplewereabstained from taking participation in political riots, hence the system became incapable of correcting its mistakes.
(c) The ordinary citizens were exempted from gaining the privileges.
(d) Due to non-participation of people, the government lost popular support from all sides.
3. Gorbachev’s Reform Policies:
(а) Gorbachev’s reforms aimed at keeping the USSR abreast of information and technological revolutions taking place in the west.
(b) Gorbachev focused to normalise relations with the west.
(c) Gorbachev worked to democratise the Soviet System.
(d) But Society was divided into two sections towards Gorbacheve’s reforms and both of them had contradictory views towards him.
4. Rise of Nationalism and Desire for Sovereignty:
(a) The rise of nationalism in various republics of Soviet Union proved to be immediate cause of revolutions in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine and Georgia.
(b) The nationalist dissatisfaction with the Soviet Union was strongest in European and prosperous part in Russia and the Baltic areas as well as Ukraine and Georgia.
(c) Ordinary people felt alienated from Central Asia.

5. What sot of conflicts had occurred in Soviet Republics? Explain.
Answer:  1. In Russia:
(a) Chechnya and Dagestan had violent secessionist movements.
(b) Moscow’s method to deal with Chechen rebels and indiscriminate military bombings led to many human rights violation but for deter aspirations for independence.
2. In Central Asia:
(a) Tajikistan witnessed a civil war that went on for ten years till 2001.
(b) In Azerbaijan’s provinces of Nagorno-Karobakh, some local Armenians want to secede and join Armenia.
(c) In Georgia, the demand for independence came from two provinces resulting in a civil war.
(d) There are still movements against the existing regimes in Ukraine, Kyrgyzstan and Georgia.
(e) Even countries and provinces are fighting over river water.
3. In Eastern Europe:
(a) Czechoslovakia, split peacefully into two with the Czechs and Slovaks, forming independent countries.
(b) The severe conflict took place in the Balkan republics of Yugoslavia.
(c) After 1991, Yugoslavia broke \ apart with several provinces like Croatia, Slovania, Bosnia and Herzegovina declaring independence.
(d) Ethnic Serbs opposed this and a massacre of non-Serbs Bosanians followed.
(e) The NATO intervention and the bombing of Yugoslavia followed inter-ethnic Civil war.

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 2 Rights and Duties in the Indian Constitution

Class 11 Political Science Chapter 2 NCERT Textbook Questions Solved

Question 1.
Write true or false against each of these statements:
(a) A Bill of Rights lays down the rights enjoyed by the people of a country.
(b) A Bill of Rights protects the liberties of an individual.
(c) Every country of the world has a Bill of Rights.
(d) The Constitution guarantees remedy against violation of Rights.
Answer:
(a) True
(b) True
(c) False
(d) True

Question 2.
Which of the following is the best description of Fundamental Rights?
(а) All the rights an individual should have.
(b) All the rights given to citizens by law.
(c) The rights given and protected by the Constitution.
(d) The rights given by the Constitution that cannot ever be restricted.
Answer:
(c) The rights given and protected by the Constitution.

Question 3.
Read the following situations. Which Fundamental Right is being used or violated in each case and how?
(a) Overweight male cabin crew are allowed to get promotion in the national airlines but their women colleagues who gain weight are penalised.
(b) A director makes a documentary film that criticises the policies of the government.

(c) People displaced by a big dam take out a rally demanding rehabilitation.
(d) Andhra society runs Telugu medium schools outside Andhra Pradesh.
Answer:
(a) In this situation, Right to Equality is being violated on the ground of discrimination whereas nobody should be discriminated under the Right to Equality on behalf of Caste, Sex, Religion, Race, etc.
(b) In the second situation the Right to Freedom of Speech and Expression is being used.

(c) People displaced by a big dam take out a rally demanding rehabilitation. Though our Constitution grants right to reside and settle in any part of India in the Right to Freedom. But people have Right to Freedom of speech and expression also. In this case, the government can impose some restrictions to maintain law and order.
(d) This case refers to the rights of linguistic minorities to set up their own educational institutions to preserve their culture. Hence, Andhra Pradesh can enjoy the right to run Telugu medium schools outside Andhra Pradesh.

Question 4.
Which of the following is a correct interpretation of the Cultural and Educational Rights?
(a) Only children belonging to the minority group that has opened educational institution can study there.
(b) Government schools must ensure that children of the minority group will be introduced to their belief and culture.
(c) Linguistic and religious minorities can open schools for their children and keep it reserved for them.
(d) Linguistic and religious minorities can demand that their children must not study in any educational institution except those managed by their own community.
Answer:
(c) The statement of the above options is the correct interpretation because:

·      Article 29(i) protects the interest of minorities in India to preserve their own languages, script and culture.

·      Article 30 provides that all minorities shall have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.

Question 5.
Which of the following is a violation of Fundamental Rights and why?
(a) Not paying minimum wages
(b) Banning of a book
(c) Banning of loudspeakers after 9 pm.
(d) Making a speech
Answer:
(a) Not paying minimum wages is a violation of Fundamental Right because:

·      This act comes under Right against Exploitation.

·      Begar, forced labour, bonded labour or not paying minimum wages come under the Right against Exploitation.

·      It has now been declared a crime and a punishable offence.

Question 6.
An activist working among the poor says that the poor don’t need Fundamental Rights. What they need are Directive Principles to be made legally binding. Do you agree with this? Give your reasons.
Answer:
The most basic necessities of poor people are food, cloth and shelter. Hence, we can say that the activist is partly correct in saying that the poor don’t need Fundamental Right.
Directive principles contain various non-justicable rights on which livelihood of poor depends:

·      Right to adequate livelihood.

·      Equal pay for equal work.

·      Right against economic exploitation.

·      Right to work.

But, we cannot ignore Fundamental Rights which are important to guarantee the Right to Life, Employment and Right against Exploitation.

Question 7.
Several reports show that caste groups previously associated with scavenging are forced to continue in this job. Those in positions of authority refuse to give them any other job. Their children are discouraged from pursuing education. Which of their Fundamental Rights are being violated in this instance?
Answer:
In this instance, the following Fundamental Rights are being violated:

·      Right to Freedom: Under the situation given here the Right to freedom of profession of an Indian citizen has been violated due to force to continue in their jobs and to be refused the other jobs.

·      Culture and Educational Rights: The cultural and educational rights are also violated due to discourage of their children from pursuing education because every child has the right to get admission to any government or government aided educational institution.

·      Right to Equality: The Untouchability has also been abolished and everyone has the right to equal opportunities in employment because all the citizens are equal before law. Hence, right to equality is also violated.

Question 8.
A petition by a human rights group drew attention of the court to the condition of starvation and hunger in the country. Over five crore tonnes of food grains was stored in the godowns of the Food Corporation of India. Research shows that a large number of ration cardholders do not know about the quantity of food grains they can purchase from fair price shops. It requested the court to order the government to improve its public distribution system
(a) Which different rights does this case involve? How are these rights interlinked?

(b) Should these rights form part of the right to life?
Answer:
(a) This case involves the following rights:

·      Right to Equality where everybody is equal before law and enjoys equal protection of law. This case refers that a large number of ration card holders do not know about quality of food grains from ration shops.

·      Right against exploitation due to ration shop owners exploit these ignorant people who are not having equal protection of law.

·      Right to life due to some of the people do not have knowledge about how much quantity can be purchased from ration shops, hence may starve in want of food.

·      Right to Constitutional Remedies is also involved because human rights group drew attention of the court to condition of saturation and hunger in the country.

(b) Yes, all these rights should form the part of the right to life.

Question 9.
Read the statement by Somnath Lahiri in the Constituent Assembly quoted in this chapter. Do you agree with him? If yes, give instances to prove it. If not, give arguments against his position.
Answer:
After reading Somnath Lahiri’s statement (on page 36 NCERT Textbook). We agree with Lahiri’s views because a police constable vigil over unlawful activities to maintain law and order into the society. Maximum fundamental rights work under this framework only as if, these are violated and requires remedial order by the court later on. These rights do not include:

·      Right to adequate livelihood

·      Equal pay for equal work

·      Right to work

·      Right against Economic Exploitation

These are substantive to human life and should be incorporated as fundamental rights of people.

Question 10.
Which of the Fundamental Rights is in your opinion the most important right? Summarise its provisions and give arguments to show why it is most important.
Answer:
In my opinion, the Right to Constitutional Remedies is considered as the ‘heart and soul’ of Constitution, hence important, because:

A citizen can approach to the Supreme court or High court under this right, in case of violation of any of the  fundamental rights.

The court can issue some special orders for the enforcement of these fundamental rights under the title of:

·      Habeas corpus

·      Mandamus

·      Prohibition

·      Quo Warranto

·       Certiorari

Under the above mentioned writs, the fundamental rights are defendable.

Class 11 Political Science Chapter 2 NCERT Extra Questions Solved

Class 11 Political Science Chapter 2 NCERT Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by rights?
Answer:
Rights are conditions of social life to be given by society and recognized by the state to promote welfare of the people.

Question 2.
What does ‘duty’ stand for?
Answer:
Duty is the performance towards others, i.e. towards people, or nation or society, etc.

Question 3.
What are ‘Fundamental Rights’?
Answer:
‘Fundamental Rights’ are granted by the Constitution of India to its citizens to be mandatory for the development and progress of the people.

Question 4.
Why Fundamental Rights are important?
Answer:
Fundamental Rights are important because:

·      These Rights ensure all those freedoms which make one’s life worth living.

·      Fundamental rights provide equality of status and opportunity as well as protect individuals from any type of exploitation.

Question 5.
What does the Right to Equality stand for?
Answer:
Right to Equality stands for:

·      All citizens of India are equal before law.

·      This is an important right to abolish inequality among people of different castes and religion as well as between man and woman.

Question 6.
Who has the power to amend the Fundamental Rights?
Answer:
The Parliament has the right to amend the Fundamental Right.

Question 7.
Why Right to Freedom of Religion is an important right?
Answer:
The Right to Freedom of Religion is important because:

·      Religion is a matter of faith, relates to conscience of a person.

·      Citizens are free to adopt any religion.

·      Citizens can opt any mode of worship as per choice.

·      Citizens are free to manage their own religious affairs.

Question 8.
What is the importance of Article 21 of Indian Constitution?
Answer:
Article 21 provides protection of life and personal liberty, i.e. no person shall be deprived of one’s life except according to the procedure established by law of India.

Question 9.
What do you mean by ‘Right to Freedom’?
Answer:
Right to Freedom implies:

·      Freedom of speech and expression.

·      To assemble peacefully and without arms.

·      To form associations and unions.

·      To move freely inside territory of country.

Question 10.
What does the ‘Right to Life’ stand for?
Answer:
Right to Life stands for:

·      To live up without fear, injury and external danger.

·      Even the individual himself does not possess the right to take away his own life, i.e. to commit suicide is also a crime before law.

Question 11.
What do you mean by the ‘Right to Work’?
Answer:
Right to work includes:

·      It is the duty of the state to provide a work to all citizens to earn one’s own livelihood.

·      There should be efforts to remove unemployment from the society.

·      Every state is responsible to make its citizens mentally and morally fit for struggle of life.

Question 12.
What do the Fundamental Duties refer in Indian Constitution?
Answer:
The Fundamental Duties were inserted in Constitution by 42nd Amendment in 1976:

·      To remind its citizens, though they enjoy basic fundamental rights but they are supposed to observe certain basic norms of democratic conducts and behavior.

·      A set of ten fundamental duties of citizens have been enumerated by the amendment.

Question 13.
What are Directive Principles of State Policy?
Answer:
Directive Principles of State Policy are guidelines only to the government which are ‘non-justiciable’. It implies:

·      The goals and objectives that we as a society should adopt.

·      Certain rights that an individual should enjoy apart from Fundamental Rights.

·      Certain policies that the government should adopt.

Question 14.
Are there some exceptions to the Right to Equality? Explain.
Answer:
Yes, there are two exceptions to the Right to Equality:

·      Right to Equality refers to making special provisions for women and children, SCs and STs, OBCs.

·      Right to Equality emphasises not to discriminate against anyone in the matter of employment but special provisions have been made for the reservation of post for backward classes.

Question 15.
Mention any two discrimination’s against women in our society.
Answer:

·      Normally women are low paid workers rather than a man as well as women are not economically independent.

·      Women are illiterate in our society which is the main reason for the backwardness of women. Mostly parents prefer education of a boy- child rather than a girl-child.

Question 16.
Mention the features of the writ of mandamus.
Answer:

·      This is issued by the Supreme Court to Lower Court, an official or an association.

·      It protects the right of a petitioner and gets some duty done by the authority to whom writ is issued.

·      The Supreme Court issues the writ to protect fundamental rights but the high court is empowered to issue it for other purposes also except safeguarding the Rights only.

Question 17. What do you mean by the writ Quo Warranto?
Answer:

·      Quo warranto issued to an individual who has usurped a public office.

·      It is issued only if there is no other way to come out of grievances.

·      In reply to Quo warranto the person concerned has to legally prove his right to hold the office, otherwise the court can get office vacated.

Question 18.
Mention the six Fundamental Rights granted by the Constitution of India alongwith importance of these rights.
Answer:
The Constitution of India guarantees six Fundamental Rights as follows:

·      Right to Equality

·      Right to Freedom

·      Right against Exploitation

·      Right to Freedom of Religion

·      Cultural and Educational Rights

·      Right to Constitutional Remedies These rights are of great importance because:

·      These rights assure a man for his overall development.

·      Without these rights, one’s life cannot be made worth living.

·      If these rights are violated, the court is responsible to justice.

Question 19.
Which fundamental rights of Constitution protect the interest of minorities?
Answer:
The following Fundamental Rights especially protect the interests of minorities:

Right to Freedom of Religion The minorities have been given the right and freedom to follow any of the religions as per their choices.

Cultural and Educational Right

·      Minorities have right to protect and preserve their own culture, language, etc.

·      The minorities can establish their own educational institutions for preserving their own culture.

Question 20.
Mention some Fundamental Duties of Indian Citizens.
Answer:
In 1976, by 42nd Amendment of the Constitution, ten fundamental duties were inserted. Some of them are as follows:
i) To safeguard the sovereignty and integrity of the nation.
ii) To protect the country and even to serve whenever needed.
(iii) To protect and safeguard those great ideals with which we succeeded in the national struggle.
(iv) To abide by the Constitution and to respect its ideals, National flag and National Anthem.
Answer:
(i) The Fundamental Rights are not absolute because some restrictions can be imposed in the interest of public order, decency or morality.
(ii) These rights are justiciable.
(iii) The state cannot make a law which may violate the Fundamental Rights.
(iv) Some rights are available to all as the Right to Life and personal liberty and some rights are available to only citizens as the Right to Freedom of speech and expression.

Question 21.
Write a note on “National Human Rights Commission”.
Answer:
National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) is composed of:

·      A former chief justice of Supreme Court of India.

·      A former Judge of Supreme Court.

·      A former Chief Justice of a High Court.

·      Two other members who have knowledge and practical experience in the matters relating to human rights.

The commission’s functions are to receive complaints of:

·      Custodial deaths

·      Custodial rape

·      Disappearance

·      Police excesses

·      Failure in taking action

·      Indignity to women

The commission’s most significant intervention has been in the case of disappeared youth in Punjab and investigation and trial of Gujarat riot cases. The commission does not have the power of prosecution, it can merely make recommendations.

Question 22.
What do you mean by Right to Property and Work?
Answer:

·      In 1978, by 44th Amendment to the Constitution the ‘Right to Property’ was removed from the list of Fundamental Rights and scheduled as a legal right under article 300 A.

·      Right to Property provides citizens with incentives to work to achieve their desired goals.

·      Property may be immovable like houses, farms or movable like cash, jewellery and furniture.

·      Right to Work is another right to be possessed by citizens.

·      It is the duty of society to provide every citizen with work, adequate means of livelihood and reasonable hours of work.

Question 23.
“Rights and Duties are interrelated with each other”. Justify the statement.
Answer:
Rights and Duties go hand in hand:

·      Rights help to develop one’s personality while duties help others to develop their personalities.

·      We own rights but we owe duties.

·      Duties are our obligations towards others whereas Rights are other’s obligations towards us.

·      Rights are incomplete without duties whereas duties are meaningless without rights. Hence, it can be concluded that Rights and Duties are the two sides of the same coin.

Question 24.
Discuss the importance of the Article 16 of the Constitution in reference of fulfillment of the Right to Equality of opportunity?
Answer:

·      Our Constitution mentions Equality of Status and Equality of Opportunity.

·      The government is supposed to implement special schemes and measures to improve the conditions of certain sections of society.

·      There is provision for reservations in jobs and admissions for children, women and socially and educationally backward classes despite we follow the principle of equality.

·      Article 16 (4): explicitly clarifies that a policy of reservation will not be seen as a violation of Right to Equality. If we try to find out the spirit of Constitution this is required for the fulfillment of the Right to Equality of opportunity.

·      Article 16 (4): nothing in this article shall prevent the state from making any provision for the reservation of appointments or posts in favour of any backward class of citizens which, in the opinion of State, is not adequately represented in the services under the State.

Question 25.
What do you mean by Right against Exploitation?
Answer:

·      The Constitution prohibits ‘traffic’, i.e. selling, letting or disposing of men and women like goods, especially women and girl for immoral purposes.

·      The Constitution prohibits Begar or bonded labour, i.e. to make a person to work against his will and not to pay him genuine wages also.

·      No child under the age of 14 years shall be employed in any factory or hazardous work.

·      Children are the asset of a nation, hence they should be protected from abuse and exploitation.

Class 11 Political Science Chapter 2 NCERT Passage-Based Questions

Passage 1.
Read the passage (NCERT Textbook, page 29) given below carefully and answer the questions that follow:

Bill of rights in the South African Constitution The South African Constitution was inaugurated in December 1996. Its creation and promulgation took place at a time when South Africa still faced the threat of a civil war after the dissolution of the Apartheid government. The South African Constitution says that its “Bill of Rights is a cornerstone of democracy in South Africa”. It forbids discrimination on the grounds of “race, gender, pregnancy, marital status, ethnic or social origin, colour, age, disability, religion, conscience, belief, culture, language and birth”. It grants perhaps the most extensive range of rights to the citizens. A special constitutional court enforces the rights enshrined in the constitution.
Some of the Rights included in the constitution of South Africa include:

·      Right to Dignity

·      Right to Privacy

·      Right to fair labour practices

·      Right to healthy environment and right to protection of environment

·      Right to adequate housing

·      Right to health care, food, water and social security

·      Children’s rights .

·      Right to basic and higher education

·      Right of cultural, religious and linguistic communities

·      Right to information

Questions:
1. Which rights are common between Constitution of Indian and South Africa?
2. Which rights are available in South Africa but not in India?
3. Mention the rights which are clearly granted in South Africa but implicit in the Indian Constitution.
Answers:
1. Right to dignity
Right to fair labour practices.
Children’s rights
Right to basic education
Right to cultural, religious and linguistic communities
Right to information

2. Right to privacy
Right to healthy environment and right to protection of environment.
Right to adequate housing
Right to health care, food, water and social securityRight to higher education.

3. Right to dignity
Right to privacy
Right to fair labour practices
Right to healthy environment and right and protection of environment,
Children’s rights.

Passage 2.
Read the passage (NCERT Textbook, page 33) given below carefully and answer the questions that follow:

You Are The Judge:
You have received a post card from Hadibandhu, who identifies himself as a “member of the dalit community” in Puri district in Orissa. Men from this community refused to follow a custom that required them to wash the feet of the groom and guests of the ‘upper caste’ during marriage ceremonies. In revenge, four women from this community were beaten up and another was paraded naked. The post card writer says “Our children are educated and they are not willing to do the customary job of washing the feet of upper caste men, clear the left-overs after the marriage feast and wash the utensils.”

Questions:
1. Does the above mentioned case involve violation of Fundamental Rights?
2. What would you order the government to do in this case?
3. Who wrote the letter to judge and what was his identity?
Answers:
1. Yes, the cases and above involves violation of Fundamental Rights, i.e. Right to Dignity (Honour) is being violated.

2. As a judge, I would order the government to conduct inquiry through CBI or magistrate or Human Rights Commission and to punish properly as per the law.

3. “Hadibandhu” who identified himself as the “member of dalit community” wrote letter to judge.

Class 11 Political Science Chapter 2 NCERT Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
“The Right to Freedom is a cluster of several rights”. Explain.
Answer:
The Right to Freedom guarantees various freedoms to the citizens of India:

·      Freedom of Speech and Expression:Every citizen of India enjoys the Right to Freedom of Speech and Expression of his views/ideas freely either orally or in written form.

·      Freedom to form Unions and Associations:Citizens of India enjoy the freedom to form unions or associations to safeguard the interests to secure justice and equal opportunities.

·      Freedom to Assemble Peacefully: Citizens of India can assemble at a place peacefully without arms to interact with each other.

·      Freedom to reside in any part of India: Indian citizen may reside in any part of India which may be limited only for the sake of public order.

·      Freedom to move freely within the territory of India: Citizens of India are free to move freely within the territory of India subject to the restrictions imposed in the interest of  public order or to safeguard the interest of ST’s.

·      Freedom to Practice any Profession or Occupation: Every citizen has the freedom to choose one’s profession as per choice as well as enjoy the right to change the profession  according to will and circumstances.

Question 2.
What are the provisions of the Right to Equality?
Answer:
‘Right to Equality’ refers that all citizens of India are equal before law, not to be discriminated on the grounds of caste, colour, religion, language, race, sex or place of birth, etc.
Right to Equality has been included under Articles 14 to 18 of Indian Constitution:

·       Article 14: Guarantees equality before law and equal protection of law to persons living within territory of India without any discrimination on the ground of caste, colour, race, religion, language, sex, etc.

·      Article 15: Guarantees social equalities, i.e. no discrimination on any ground as well as equal access of each and every person to the public places and facilities. And state cannot be prevented from making any special provision for women and children.

·      Article 16: Guarantees equal opportunities for all citizens in the matters of employment or appointment to any office under the state without any discrimination means employment and appointments should be on the basis of merit.

·      Article 17: Abolishes untouchability and its practices in any of the form are also forbidden.

·      Article 18: Abolishes titles except the degrees and titles concerned with military and education. Even foreigners who are serving in India are not entitled to receive any title from foreign government without the consent of the President of India.

Question 3.
Mention the Fundamental Duties of a Citizen in Constitution of India.
Answer:
By the 42nd Amendment in 1976, ten Fundamental Duties of Citizens of India were incorporated under Article 51A of the Constitution of India:

·      To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, national flag, and national anthem.

·      To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom.

·      To uphold and protect sovereignty, unity and integrity of India.

·      To defend the country and render national services whenever required.

·      To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India and to renounce those practices which seem to be indignified towards women.

·      To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture.

·      To protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife as well as to have compassion towards all living creatures.

·      To safeguard public property.

·      To develop scientific temper and the spirit of inquiry and reform.

·      To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual or collective activities to reach the nation to the higher levels of endeavours and achievements.

Question 4.
Throw some light on the relationship between the Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy.
Answer:
The Fundamental Rights are guaranteed to the individuals but the Directive Principles are the instructions to the State:

·      The Fundamental Rights are justiciable means in case of their violation, it can be challenged either in the High Court or Supreme Court that, oars a duty to safeguard the rights.Whereas Directive Principles of State Policy are not justiciable, these are only to remind to central and state governments about their duties.

·      Fundamental Rights are directly concerned with each and every individual whereas Directive Principles of State Policy are directly concerned with the State only, where a State is expected to implement and also to achieve the goal of Welfare State.

·      Fundamental Rights may be suspended during the case of emergency by the President including the Right to Constitutional Remedies also whereas Directive Principles of State Policy cannot be suspended even during these circumstances.

·      Fundamental Rights concern with the overall development of an individual whereas Directive Principles of State Policy concern with society as a whole which have been mentioned in Article 38 to create a society by the State where all enjoy social and economic justice.

Question 5.
What is the importance of the Right to Constitutional Remedies? Explain.
Answer:
‘Right to Constitutional Remedies’ is the ‘Heart and Soul’ of Indian Constitution to protect the rest of the Fundamental Rights of the Citizens under Article 32 and 226. This right contains various writs to be issued by the Supreme Court and High Court from time to time:
The Writ of Habeas Corpus:

·      The Court orders that the arrested person should be presented before it.

·      Court can order to set free an arrested person if the grounds of arrest are unlawful.

Mandamus:

·      When the court finds that the particular office holder is not performing legal duty.

·      Thereby, he is infringing on the right of an individual.

Prohibition:

·      It is issued by a higher court to a lower court on considering a case to go beyond its jurisdiction.

·      Higher court orders to stop the proceedings of certain case.

Quo Warranto:

·      If the court finds that a person is holding office but is not entitled to hold that office.

·      This restricts that person from acting as an office holder.

Certiorari:

·      The Court orders a lower court or another authority to transfer a matter pending before it to the higher authority or court.

Class 11 Political Science Chapter 2 NCERT Picture-Based Questions

Study the picture (NCERT Textbook, page 37) given below and answer the questions that follow

Questions:
1. Name the Fundamental Rights whose violation is depicted in this photograph.
2. What is the provision under Right against Exploitation regarding the same picture?
3. Name any other form of exploitation mentioned under the Right against Exploitation except mentioned above.
Answers:
1. Right against Exploitation.

2. The Constitution forbids employment of children below the age of 14 years in dangerous jobs like factories and mines alongwith making child labour illegal.

3. Begar or bonded labour or forced labour or ‘Trafficking’ of human beings, especially women and girls are the other forms of exploitation mentioned under the Right against Exploitation.