Determiners Exercises for Class 11 CBSE With Answers and Term Wise Syllabus

Determiners Exercises for Class 11 

CBSE 

With Answers

Study the sentences given below:
I saw a juggler yesterday.
My uncle is an officer in the army.
This car is very comfortable.
Some pictures are really fine.
Have you any complaint against me?
She is blind in one eye.
In the above sentences, a, an, the, this, my, some, any, and one are words which mark the subsequent arrival of a noun. Each of them modifies the noun which follows it. Such words are called Determiners or Fixing words as they fix the Nouns that follow them.
Here is a tentative list of the most frequently used Determiners:
(a)  a, an, the  (Article Determiners)
(b)  this, that, these, those  (Demonstrative Determiners)
(c)  my, our, your, his, her, its, their, one’s (Possessive Determiners)
(d)  one, two, three, etc. (Definite Numerical Determiners)
(e)  some, any, no; all, both; much, many; few, less, several, little (Indefinite Numeral Determiners)
(f)  each, every, either, neither (Distributive Numeral Determiners)

USE OF SOME COMMON DETERMINERS

(a) A, An, The [Article Determiners]

‘A’ and ‘ah’ are used before countable singular nouns. A’ is used before a word beginning with a consonant sound, while ‘an’ is used before words with a vowel sound as—
A hen laid an egg yesterday.
An elephant killed a boy.
She wants to be a painter.
I saw a boy reading a book.
It is not a crow. It is an owl.
‘The’ is a weakened form of ‘that’.

‘The’ is used to particularise a person or a thing as—

Call the boy (who is) waiting outside.
The apples in that basket are quite fresh.
Bring me the purse I gave you.
I reached the school late.
The girl who stood first was given a prize.

(b) This, That, These, Those    [Demonstrative Determiners]

I. That (in case of plural, those)
(a) It is used to avoid the repetition of the preceding noun(s). e.g.

• My bat is better than that of my friend.
• Our soldiers are better equipped than those of Pakistan.

(b) It refers to person(s) or thing(s) far from the speaker, e.g.

• Get that dog out of here.
• Those houses are for sale.

II. This (in case of plural, these)
(a) It refers to persons or thing(s) near the speaker, e.g.

• This book is very interesting.
• These flowers are very beautiful.

(c)  My, Our, Your, His, Her, Its, Their, One’s    [Possessive Determiners]
These are Possessive forms of Pronouns. They are used before Singular and Plural Nouns to indicate relationship/possession; as—
My mother is a teacher.
Our school has fifty rooms.
Your father is calling you.
His bag contains many objects.
Her books lie scattered in the room.
Their house is double-storeyed.
One must do one’s duty.

(d) One, Two, Three, etc. [Definite Numeral Determiners]
These indicate a definite number of objects/persons; as—
The beggar is blind of one eye.
She has two daughters
Five boys are sitting on that bench.
Note. ‘Ordinal numbers’ like ‘first’, ‘second’, “third’, … etc. refer to the position of something in a series; as—
The girl in the third row is my cousin.
The man in the first room is our warden.

(e) (i) Some, Any and No    [Indefinite Numeral Determiners]
Some is generally used in affirmative sentences.
No, and Any are used in negative and interrogative sentences; as—

There is no post office in this colony.
I have no friends in our class.
We have invited some T.V. anchors to the show.
There is still some milk in the jug.
There isn’t any sugar in the pot.
Have you any books on western music?
Study the use of some’ and ‘Any’ in the following contexts: ‘Some’ may be used in questions indicating request or invitation; as—
Will you have some tea?
Will you spend some days with us?
Won’t you spare some time for me?
Didn’t I lend you some money yesterday?
‘Any’ is used in interrogative sentences to make an inquiry, as—

Is there any news?
Has the postman brought any letters for me?
Didn’t you buy anything from the general store?
Note:

1. We use ‘any’ after ‘hardly’, ‘barely’ and ‘scarcely’ (adverbs with negative meanings); as—
   He has hardly any money on him.
   There is hardly any sugar in the house.
   She has barely any beautiful dress.
   He has scarcely any friend in this new city.
2. In case there is Some doubt, we use ‘any’ after ‘ if ’; as—
   If you need any help, press this button.
   If you face any difficulty, don’t hesitate to seek my help.
3. ‘Some’ with a countable plural noun indicates an unknown or indefinite number while with an uncountable noun, some means an indefinite quantity; as—
   Some boys were hurt in the bus accident    (number)
   Some persons always speak ill of others.    (number)
   I bought a note-book and some paper.    (quantity)
   He wants a pen and some ink.    (quantity)

(e) (ii) All and Both    [Indefinite Numeral Determiners]
‘All’ denotes the total of many units together while ‘Both’ shows the total of two units together; as—
She gave me all the apples.
All the boys are playing now.
Both Ajay and Vijay are fine cricketers.
Both father and mother are at home.
Note:

1. ‘The’ is used after ‘All’ and ‘Both’ but ‘before’ ‘whole’
   All the girls are present in the class.
   Both friends refused to part.
   The whole village was ruined in the fire.
2. ‘All’ is used with both countable and uncountable nouns; as—
   All my books have been tom.
   All the milk turned sour.

(e) (iii) Much and Many    [Indefinite Numeral Determiners]
‘Many’ shows the number and is used

1. In interrogative and negative sentences:
   Did you see many persons at dinner?
   She has not solved many sums.
2. as the subject or part of the subject:
   Many have been respected and admired.
   Many of us went to see a famous actor.
3. In the expressions—a good many, a great many, so many, too many, how many, as many, many a; as—
   I have known her for a great many years.
   Even if one person is hurt that is one too many.
   Many a good man has been destroyed by drink.

In all other cases, replace many by ‘a lot of ‘a great number’, ‘ plenty of ’; as—
Have you read many books?
Yes, I have read a lot of books.
No, I haven’t read a great number of books.
Much’ shows quantity and is used in the same way as ‘many’. ‘Much’ can be replaced by ‘a lot of’ ‘a great deal of and ‘plenty of’; as—
Does your cow give much milk?
Yes, she gives a lot of milk.
No, she doesn’t give a great deal of milk.

Note:
Many is followed by a plural number while, many a takes singular number after it.
The verb agrees with the noun placed before it; as—
Many Problems have come up suddenly.
Many a flower is born to blush unseen.

(e) (iv) Few, Less and Several    [Indefinite Numeral Determiners]
“Few’ is the opposite of ‘Many’ and ‘Less’ is the opposite of ‘Much’. Few denotes a number, while ‘Less’ denotes quantity. ‘Several’ means ‘more than two but not many.’
We have few holidays during this term.
A few persons attended the meeting.
She pays less attention to her children.
Several letters arrived this morning.
They said goodbye and went their several ways.    (different)

(e) (v) Little and Few    [Indefinite Numeral Determiners]
‘Little’ means not much, hardly any.
‘Few’ means not many, hardly any.

1. In other words, ‘Little’ and ‘Few’ mean practically nothing. ‘Little’ is used with singular countable nouns while ‘Few’ is used with plural countable nouns; as—
There is little water in the pot. (hardly any)
There are few buses running.
He had little money.
I have few friends.
There was little hope of her recovery.
Few women can keep a secret.

2. ‘A little’ and ‘A few’ make a positive sense, A little means some quantity though not much, while ‘A few’ indicates a certain number, though not many; as—
I shall return the money in a few days. (= some)
A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.    (some but not much)
She has a little money left.    (some, but small amount)
He has a few books of his own.    (some, but not many)

3. ‘The little’ and ‘The few’ imply two statements—One negative and the other affirmative.

She wasted the little money she had.
We lost the little hope of her recovery.
I have read the few books I had.
She spent the few rupees her mother gave her.

(f) Each, Every, Either and Neither    [Distributive Numerals]

‘Each’ is used for two or more persons (definite) while ‘every’ is used for more than two persons or things, (indefinite). ‘Either’ means ‘anyone of the two’, ‘Neither’ means ‘not any one of the two’; as—
Each student has a book of his own.
Each person must take his turn.
I play hockey every day.
India expects every man to do his best.
Either book will do.
I have two pens. You may have either.
Take either road whichever you prefer.
Neither statement is true.
Neither party was willing to quit.

EXERCISE 1
(Solved)

Study the following sentences and check whether ‘a’, ‘an’ or ‘the’ are properly used or not. Write ‘no error’ for the correct sentences and suggest corrections for the incorrect sentences.

1. I have two sisters and a brother; my brother has the son; that makes me an uncle.
2. Would you like orange? Or would you prefer a banana? We also have strawberries.
3. Let’s go and see the movie. It’s an adventure film that I have really been wanting to see.
4. Is there an Internet cafe around here? I need to send an important e-mail.
5. My parents took an amazing trip to Manali last year-they even climbed a mountain near Kulu.

Answers:

1. I have two sisters and a brother; my brother has a son; that makes me an unc|e.
2. Would you like an orange? Or would you prefer a banana? We also have strawberries.
3. No error
4. Is there an Internet cafe around here? I need to send an important e-mail.
5. My parents took an amazing trip to Manali last year – they even climbed a mountain near Kulu.

EXERCISE 2
(Solved)

Fill in the blanks using this, that, these, or those.

1. ………….. is my wife.
2. Could you bring me a book ……………. I left in the garden?
3. Many parents complain about their childhood days.
4. The jeans you have bought today are better than you bought last month.

Answer:

1. This
2. that
3. these
4. those

EXERCISE 3
(Solved)

Fill in the blanks with Numeral Determiners—one, two, some, any, little, few, all, both, much, many, several, etc.:

1. How ………….. money do you want?
2. Have you read ………….. stories?
3. I have read………….. short stories in Hindi but only …………..   in English.
4. I read the letter again and noticed that there were………….. mistakes in it.
5. How ………….. milk do you take every day?
6. There are………….. countries in the world where the population is not growing fast.
7. Would you lend me your watch for ………….. days?
8. Do you have …………. complaint against the clerk?
9. There are ………….. eggs in the basket, but there isn’t ………….. butter.
10. …………..  care could have prevented the accident.
11. ………….. of the boys has broken this window pane.
12. I have already spent the ………….. rupees you gave me.
13. ………….. the husband and wife are members of this club.
14. ………….. the customers insisted that the shopkeeper must provide them full measure.
15. The story was published in ………….. the local newspapers.

Answers:

1. much
2. many/some
3. many/a lot of; few/some
4. many
5. much
6. a few
7. some/a few
8. any
9. some, any
10. A little
11. one
12. few
13. Both
14. All
15. all

EXERCISE 4
(Solved)

Fill in the blanks with suitable determiners:

1. There was  ………….. accident near …………. central market this morning.  ………….. car hit  ………….. scooter and ………….. man on  …………..  scooter was killed.
2.  …………..postman put  ………….. letter under  …………..  front door just  ………….. hour after you had left.
3. A cup of tea may seem  ………….. ordinary thing to  ………….. of us in India. But drinking tea is  ………….. ritual which is taken very seriously in  ………….. Japanese homes.
4.  ………….. king fought bravely but he was defeated by  ………….. enemies.  ………….. defeated warrior left  ………….. battlefield and hid in  ………….. is cave.
5.  ………….. people came to  ………….. site where the revolutionary general was to be hanged. When asked if he had  …………..  desire,  ………….. smile ran on  ………….. dry Ups and he nodded his head.
6. It was  ………….. grand occasion for  …………..  children  …………..  of them had won prizes and  …………..  parents felt proud  ………….. of them introduced their parents to their teachers.
7. Game hunting was  ………….. favourite pastime of ………….. officers of  ………….. British Raj. This resulted in decrease in  ………….. number of animals in  ………….. wild. Recent environmental degradation and destruction of natural habitats of wild animals have pushed them to  ………….. brink of extinction.

Answers:

1. an, the, A, a, the, the
2. The, a, the, an
3. an, some, a, many
4. The, his, The, the, a
5. Many, the, any, a, his
6. a, many, some, their, Some/A few
7. a, the, the, the, the, the.

EXERCISE 5
(Solved)

Complete the following dialogues using suitable determiners:

Ruchika: want some sugar

Shopkeeper: …………………………………………………………..?

Ruchika: I require 10 kg.

Shopkeeper: Sorry, I don’t have ………………………………..

Ruchika: Then, you may give a little less.

Shopkeeper: There …………………………………………………………..

Ruchika: OK, then give me. …………………………….

Shopkeeper: I’ll give you the little quantity I’ve got.

Ruchika: Please give me some vegetable oil.

Shopkeeper: …………………………………………………………..?

Ruchika: I need only 5 kg.

Shopkeeper: You may have ………………………………..

Ruchika: I think 5 kg will be enough for  ………………………………..

Shopkeeper: By the way, ………………………………..  are there in your family?

Ruchika:  ……………………………….. Only I and my mom.

Shopkeeper:  ……………………………….., madam?

Ruchika: I think, I will have    potato chips/wafers

Shopkeeper:  …………………………….. fresh arrivals over there.

Ruchika:  …………………………….. money should I pay?

Shopkeeper: Two hundred rupees only.

Answers:

1. How many kgs do you want?
2. ………….. that much in stock
3. (There) is hardly 4 kg left.
4. ………….. as much as you can
5. How much do you need?
6. ………….. as much as you like
7. the whole month, how many members
8. …………..  Not many, anything else.
9. ………….. a few packs of, There are some
10. How much …………..

EXERCISE 6
(Solved)

1. Fill in the blanks with suitable determiners: (a, an, the, some, yours, much, etc.)
Two friends meet in their school canteen. They are going to have their lunch.
Namit: You can share my lunch and I’ll share (a) ……………………..
Vipul: Oh, that’ll be nice. I’ll have (b) ………………… good things to eat.
Namit: I’m afraid. I don’t have (c) ……………………. . to eat. There are only two sandwiches and (d) ……………………. .      apple. Here’s your sandwich. And you can take half (e) ……………………. apple.
Vipul: Thanks. They look delicious. I have four puries and some pickles.
We can have two puries each. And we will order for (f) …………………… . drink. What would you like tea or coffee?
Namit: I’ll have tea.
Vipul: So shall I.

2. Complete the following passage by filling in suitable determiners:
My aunt lived on (a) ………………….. ground floor of (b) ………………….. old house on (c) ………………….. river Thames. She was afraid of burglars and always locked up (d) ………………….. house carefully before going to bed. She also took the precaution of looking under (e) ………………….. bed to see if (f) ………………….. burglar was hiding there.

3. Fill in the blanks with suitable determiners:
(a) ………………….  abbreviation is (b)………………….     shortened form of (c)………………….     word or a group of words. It is used to save time and space (d)………………….     abbreviations are also used while speaking. Most of (e)………………….     dictionaries include (f)………………….    list of commonly used abbreviations.

4. Complete the passage with suitable determiners:
My friend lived on (a)………………….   first floor of (b)  ………………….  recently renovated old house on (c)  ………………….    river Beas. She was afraid of burglars and always locked up (d)            house carefully before going to bed. She also took the precaution of looking under (e)………………….     bed to see if (f) ………………….  burglar was hiding there.

5. Complete the following passage with suitable determiners:
I have met (a) ………………….     people in my life but (b) ………………….     man who has influenced me (c) ………………….     most is Mother Teresa. To me she has been (d) ………………….  symbol of true religion (e) ………………….  people can do what she has done. If we adopt (f) ………………….  ideology, the world would become a better place to live in.

6. Fill in the blanks with determiners:
(a) …………………. entire polling station seemed to be (b) ………………….     huge mass of humanity. It was (c) ………………….  public holiday (d) ………………….  old man insisted on talking to (e)………………….  polling officer. He refused to show (f)…………………. identity slip.

7. Complete the following passage with suitable determiners:
All religions have (a) ………………….     common goal. (b) …………………. religion when followed faithfully, leads to God. (c) …………………. should be free to follow (d) …………………. faith one believes in. There should not be (e) ………………….       compulsion. Tolerance should be (f) …………………. guiding principle.

8. Complete the following passage with suitable determiners:
Our Principal is (a)  …………………. man of honesty and integrity. He does not accept (b) …………………. gifts from students, teachers or parents. On (c) ………………….  occasion of (d)………………….     Children’s Day, he was rewarded (e)………………….     students for (f)………………….  honesty.

9. Fill in the blanks with suitable determiners:
In my childhood, the teacher never appeared in public without (a) ………………….  cane in hand. I used to think that one’s guru was born clutching (b) ………………….  cane in his right hand while (c) …………………. left held (d)………………….      pinch of snuff between (e)………………….  thumb and forefinger. He took (f) ………………….     deep inhalation before proceeding to fluck the cane on my body.

10. Fill in the blanks with suitable determiners:
(a)    There are (i) ………………….  broken chairs in (ii) ………………….   farthest corner of (iii) …………………. room.
(b)    There is (i) ………………….  egg on this plate and (ii) ………………….  dirty marks on (iii)  …………………. table cloth.

Answers:

INTEGRATED TASKS
I. ERROR CORRECTION
EXERCISE 7
(Solved)

Each of the following sentences in this exercise has an underlined word and three words are given after the sentence. If one of the given words makes the sentence grammatically correct, select the word as your answer. If the sentence is grammatically correct as it is, choose option (d) i.e. No correction.

1. Navin bought the books and put it is those bag.
(a) them, those
(b) its, that
(c) them, that
(d) No correction
Answer:
(c) them, that

2. One should be true to his word.
(a) One, one
(b) One’s, one
(c) One, one’s
(d) No correction
Answer:
(c) One, one’s

3. Book I read last week was a interesting one.
(a) A book, an
(b) The Book, an
(c) These book, an
(d) No correction
Answer:
(b) The Book, an

4. He is the same man who always likes to boast of his bravery.
(a) a, his
(b) a, him
(c) the, one’s
(d) No correction
Answer:
(d) No correction

5. The bus was hired by ladies for its picnic.
(a) a ladies, their
(b) the ladies, there
(c) the ladies, their
(d) No correction
Answer:
(c) the ladies, their

6. It’s very easy. Another child can do it.
(a) Any
(b) Other
(c) Many
(d) No correction
Answer:
(a) Any

7. I spoke to Vikram, Shashi and the few another friends.
(a) a, others
(b) a, other
(c) an, other
(d) No correction
Answer:
(b) a, other

8. Whoever coat is this?
(a) Who, these
(b) Whose, these
(c) Whose, this
(d) No correction
Answer:
(c) Whose, this

9. Thank you very much for yours letter.
(a) your
(b) your’s
(c) yours’
(d) No correction
Answer:
(a) your

10 We went to see Taj Mahal is ours vacations.
(a) a Taj Mahal, our
(b) the Taj Mahal, our’s
(c) the Taj Mahal, our
(d) No correction
Answer:
(c) the Taj Mahal, our

11. The woman has the right to a career.
(a) The, the
(b) A, the
(c) A, a
(d) No correction
Answer:
(c) A, a

12. Would you like an glass of wine?
(a) other
(b) the
(c) another
(d) No correction
Answer:
(c) another

13. I did’t go with neither Savita or Kavita.
(a) or
(b) either
(c) a
(d) No correction
Answer:
(b) either

14. The second’s book in the row is my.
(a) second, the, mine
(b) second, a, mine
(c) seconds, the, mine
(d) No correction
Answer:
(a) second, the, mine

15. I think a rich should pay much taxes.
(a) the, much
(b) the, more
(c) a, more
(d) No correction
Answer:
(b) the, more

16. I do fewer work at weekends than I used to.
(a) few
(b) less
(c) least
(d) No correction
Answer:
(b) less

17. Nupur was wearing a blue shoes at the party.
(a) an blue shoes, the
(b) blue shoes, an
(c) blue shoes, the
(d) No correction
Answer:
(c) blue shoes, the

18. Pandas eat only one specific type of bamboo.
(a) one’s
(b) an
(c) the
(d) No correction
Answer:
(d) No correction

19. She worked as an waitress to help pay for these course.
(a) a, this
(b) the, this
(c) a, these
(d) No correction
Answer:
(a) a. this

20. Rohan has been the KKR fan for much years now.
(a) a, many
(b) an, many
(c) a, most
(d) No correction
Answer:
(a) a, many

II. EDITING TASK

(i)    ERROR CORRECTION
EXERCISE 8
(Solved)

The following passage has not been edited. There is an error relating to determiners in each line. Write the incorrect word and the correction in your answer sheet as given below. Remember to underline the word that you have supplied.

(ii)    OMISSIONS

EXERCISE 9
(Solved)

In the following passage, one word (determiner) has been omitted in each line. Write the missing word along with the word that comes before and the word that comes after it in your answer sheet. Ensure that the word that forms your answer is underlined as shown below:

(iii)    REORDERING OF SENTENCES
EXERCISE 16
(Solved)

Rearrange the parts of the sentence in correct order.
1. P : were flying about
Q : with delight
R : the birds
S : and twittering
(a) RPSQ
(b) RPQS
(c) SQRP
(d) SPRQ
Answer:
(a) RPSQ

2. P : all animals have
Q : sensation but some
R : have memory
S : animals do not
(a) PRQS
(b) PQSR
(c) SRPQ
(d) PRSQ
Answer:
(b) PQSR

3. P : saw
Q : he
R : a most
S : wonderful sight
(a) PQRS
(b) QPSR
(c) QPRS
(d) SRQP
Answer:
(c) OPRS

4. P : one of the
Q : lemons are
R : most powerful
S : natural styptics
(a) QPSR
(b) QPRS
(c) PQRS
(d) SRQP
Answer:
(b) QPRS

5. P : requires the
Q : raising of incomes and
R : making food affordable
S : attaining a long-term food security
(a) SPRQ
(b) PRQS
(c) RQSP
(d) SPQR
Answer:
(d) SPQR

6. P : always provided
Q: cities have
R : and educational leadership
S : intellectual stimulus
(a) QSPR
(b) PRSQ
(c) QPSR
(d) PQRS
Answer:
(c) QPSR

7. P : the invention of the turbine by l
Q : Frank Whittle in England and Hans Von Ohain
R : the beginning of jet transport
S : in Germany in 1939 signalled
(a) PQSR
(b) PQRS
(c) SQRP
(d) SRQP
Answer:
(a) PQSR

8. P : lemon is a
Q : for anyone
R : useful tonic
S : with heart problems
(a) PQRS
(b) SQPR
(c) PRQS
(d) SRPQ
Answer:
(c) PROS

9. P : of lemon
Q : encourages the
R : high potassium content
S : heart action
(a) RQSP
(b) RQPS
(c) RPQS
(d) SPQR
Answer:
(c) RPQS

10. P : it is
Q : excellent for
R : halting the
S : progression of infections
(a) PQRS
(b) PSRQ
(c) SRQP
(d) PSQR
Answer:
(a) PQRS

Note:- For More Practice please download more practice sheet prepared by me

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LLPsBb76FP-WqiP2KVUBqaTzalyrxefg/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=100164161709126267169&rtpof=true&sd=true 

You can download Term Wise syllabus only for the session 2021-22 by cbse

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1gBw_IJF904CGhqAaay9JMryyRymdAHHd/view?usp=sharing

Discovering Tut: The Saga Continues Summary in English & Hindi Class 11

Discovering Tut: The Saga Continues Summary in English 

Class 11

Discovering Tut: The Saga Continues Summary in English and Hindi Pdf. Discovering Tut: The Saga Continues is written by AR Williams.

Discovering Tut: The Saga Continues Theme

The story deals with the mysteries and various theories regarding the life and death of the youngest ruler of ancient Egypt -Tutankhamun. His tomb was discovered in 1922 by the famous archaeologist Howard Carter and since then his mummy has been subjected to a X-ray and later a CT scan. These investigations have answered a lot of questions and offered new clues on his life and death.

Discovering Tut: The Saga Continues About the Characters

King Tut: The last heir of a powerful family that had ruled Egypt and its empire for centuries. His preserved body was the first to be scanned.

Howard Carter: The British archaeologist who in 1922 discovered King Tut’s tomb. His search caused great damage to the King’s preserved body.

Zahi Hawass: The Secretary General of Egypt’s Supreme Council of Antiquities. He scanned King Tut’s mummy for an accurate forensic reconstruction.

Amenhotep III: King Tut’s father or grandfather, was’a powerful ruler who ruled for almost four decades.

Amenhotep IV: He promoted the worship of Aten and changed his name to Akhenaten. He outraged the country by attacking Amun, a major God, by smashing his images and closing his temples.

Discovering Tut: The Saga Continues Summary in English

Death of King Tut
King Tut “was just a teenager when he died. He was the last heir of a powerful family that had ruled Egypt and its empire for centuries. He was buried and forgotten over the years. But after the discovery of his tomb in 1922, the modern world wondered about the cause of his untimely death. He was brought out of his tomb and recently a CT scan was done to ascertain the reason of his death.

The Mummy of King Tut

At 6 pm on 5th January, 2005, the world’s most famous mummy (preserved body) was taken out from its burial tomb. As the mummy of King Tut was being put into the scanner for performing a CT scan, angry winds stirred and dark clouds covered the stars. The weather had been overcast all day and the night sky was hidden by dark-bellied clouds. The CT scan was being done to unearth the remaining medical mysteries that surrounded the untimely death of this young King who died more than 3300 years ago. King Tut’s tomb lies 26 feet underground in the ancient Egyptian cemetery known as the Valley of the Kings. Tourists from around the world came to visit the tomb to pay their respects. They gazed at the murals on the walls of the burial chamber and looked at King Tut’s gilded face on the lid of his outer coffin. The visitors were curious and thoughtful. Some feared the pharaoh’s curse would befell those who disturbed him.

Howard Carter and his Findings
Howard Carter was a British archaeologist who in 1922 discovered King Tut’s tomb after years of futile searching. Its contents remain the richest royal collection ever found. There were dazzling works of art in gold that had caused a sensation then and continue to draw people’s attention even today. King Tut was also buried with everyday things such as board games, a bronze razor, cases of food, clothes, wine etc that he would need in the life after death. Zahi Hawass, Secretary General of Egypt’s Supreme Council of Antiquities, explained that the mummy was in a very bad condition because of what Howard Carter did to it. Howard Carter found King Tut’s body in three nested coffins. In the first coffin, he found a shroud decorated with garlands of willow and olive leaves, wild celery, lotus petals and cornflowers which indicated that the burial took place in March or April. When he finally reached the mummy, he ran into trouble. The ritual resins had hardened, cementing King Tut to the bottom of the solid gold coffin.

Howard Carter had to Chisel Out King Tut’s Mummy
Howard Carter tried to loosen the resins by putting the mummy outside in the sun that heated it to 149 degrees Fahrenheit. For several hours the mummy was set outside in blazing sunshine but nothing happened. He reported that the tough material had to be cut from under the limbs and trunk to free the King’s remains. The royals in King Tut’s time believed that they could take their fortune with them after death. Hence, King Tut was buried with all his expensive belongings. To separate King Tut from his ornaments, Howard Carter’s men removed the mummy’s head and cut off nearly every major joint; then they reassembled the remains of the body on a layer of sand in a wooden box with padding.

King Tut’s Mummy X-Rayed
Archaeology has changed since then, focusing less on treasures and more on the fascinating details of life and fascinating mysteries of death. It also uses more sophisticated tools. In 1968, more than 40 years after Howard Carter’s discovery, an anatomy professor X-rayed the mummy and revealed an astonishing fact that beneath the resin that caked King Tut’s chest, his breast bone and front ribs were missing. King Tut’s demise was a big event, even by royal standards, as he was the last ruler of his family. His funeral meant the end of a royal dynasty. But the facts of his death and its consequences are unclear.

King Tut and his Ancestors
King Tut’s father or grandfather, Amenhotep III, was a powerful King, who ruled for almost four decades. His son Amenhotep IV succeeded him. He was a very strange King. He promoted the worship of Aten, the sun disk, and changed his name to Akhenaten. He moved the religious capital from Thebes to Akhetaten, now known as Amarna. He shocked the country by attacking a major god ‘Amun’ by breaking his images and closing down his temples.

Ray Johnson, Director of the University of Chicago’s research centre in Luxor, called this King very odd. He said it must have been a terrible time for the people because the family that had ruled for centuries was coming to an end. After Akhenaten’s death, Smenkhkare, a mysterious ruler, ruled for a brief period and departed with hardly any sign. It was then that a very young King Tutankhaten took over the throne. The boy soon changed his name to Tutankhamun, known as King Tut today. He oversaw revival of the old ways. King Tut ruled for nine years and then died unexpectedly.

King Tut’s Mummy and its CT Scan
King Tut is one mummy among many in Egypt. No one knows how many mummies there are in Egypt. The Egyptian Mummy Project has recorded almost six hundred and is still counting. King Tut’s mummy was the first mummy to be CT scanned to ascertain the secret of his death by a portable scanner donated by National Geographic Society and Siemens. King Tut’s entire body was scanned. On the night of the scan, workmen carried him from the tomb and rose it on a hydraulic lift into a trailer that held the scanner.

However, initially the costly scanner could not function properly because of sand in the cooler fan. But soon all the hurdles were crossed and after the scan, the King was returned to his coffin to rest in peace.

The CT scan showed an astonishing image of King Tut and his entire body very clearly. It showed a grey head, neck vertebrae, a hand, several images of the rib cage and a section of the skull. Zahi Hawass was relieved that nothing had seriously gone wrong. As the-technicians left the trailer, they saw the star constellation which the ancient Egyptians knew as the soul of Osiris, the God of the afterlife. They felt as if the God was watching over the boy King.

Discovering Tut: The Saga Continues Chapter Highlights

• Tutankhamun or King Tut died as a teenage pharaoh and was buried laden with gold. He was the last king of a powerful family that ruled Egypt for centuries.
• On 5th January, 2005 his mummy was brought out of his tomb and a CT scan was done to ascertain the reason of his death.
• Multitudes of tourists from around the world came to visit the tomb to pay their respects.
• Zahi Hawass, Secretary General of Egypt’s Supreme Council of Antiquities, said that the mummy was in a very bad condition because of what Carter did to it.
• Howard Carter, the British archaeologist, discovered king Tut’s tomb in 1922 and investigated its contents.
• Carter faced difficulty in extracting the mummy out of the coffin. The ritual resins had hardened, resulting in cementing
• King Tut’s mummy to the bottom of his gold coffin.
• Howard Carter tried to loosen the resins using the sun, but in vain. His men thus removed the mummy’s head and cut off nearly every major joint before reassembling it.
• In 1968, an anatomy professor X-rayed the mummy and revealed a startling fact. He claimed that the breast bone and the front ribs of the mummy were missing.
• Amenhotep III — King Tut’s father or grandfather – was a powerful king. He was succeeded by Amenhotep IV, who promoted the worship of Aten, the sun disk, and changed his name to Akhenaten. He made some other changes.
• King Tut’s mummy was one of the first mummies to be scanned. The CT scan showed a grey head, neck vertebrae, a hand, several images of the rib cage and a section of the skull.
• Zahi Hawass was relieved to find that nothing had gone seriously wrong with the mummy.
  After their observations, when they left, the wind had stopped and there was complete silence. Just above the entrance to
• King Tut’s tomb stood Orion, the constellation watching over the boy king.

Discovering Tut: The Saga Continues Word Meanings

Word – Meaning
saga – long story of a series of happenings
teenager – between 13 and 19 years of age
heir – legal successor
tomb. – a large grave built of stone above or below the ground
forensic – process of reconstruction of the face and
reconstruction – body based on the information in the CT scan
pharaoh – Egyptian king
cemetery – place where dead bodies are buried
mummy – a preserved dead body
murals – paintings on the wall
gilded – thinly covered with gold
coffin – box in which dead body is kept
antiquities – very old objects
archaeologist – a scientist who studies ancient objects dug up from the ground
legend – an old story handed down through generations
artefacts – objects of art made by hands
resurrection – rebirth
board games – games like chess
linen – a fabric cloth made from flax used to make high quality clothes
cases – boxes
treasures – collections of valuable objects
.nested – fitted one inside another.
shroud – cover of the dead body
willow – soft wood
wild celery – a wild plant
cornflowers – bluish-purple flowers of a wild plant
resins – a sticky flammable organic substance, insoluble in water
chiselled away – separated with a chisel
collars – necklaces
bracelets – ornaments of the wrist
amulets – ornaments worn round the neck or arm or waist (Taaveez) to keep away the evil
sheaths – coverings to keep the sword in
adornments – items used for decoration and make-up
archaeology – science of studying ancient sites / buildings
tomography – a technique for displaying a representation of a cross section using X-Rays or ultrasound
dynasty – family line
cross section – parts seen when an object is cut in the middle
pallbearers – those who carry coffins 

Discovering Tut: The saga 

summary in Hindi 

class 11

सागा कंटीन्यूज़ टूटनखामुन के जीवन और मृत्यु के आसपास के रहस्य पर एक अंतर्दृष्टि देता है, जो शक्तिशाली फिरौन वंश के अंतिम किशोर शासक थे। इस वंश ने सदियों तक मिस्र पर शासन किया था। वह अपने वंश का अंतिम था, और उसके अंतिम संस्कार ने इस शक्तिशाली राजवंश का अंत कर दिया।

उनके परिवार के बारे में ज्यादा जानकारी नहीं है। टुट के पिता या दादा, अमेनहोट III एक शक्तिशाली फिरौन थे जिन्होंने राजवंश के स्वर्ण युग के दौरान लगभग चार दशकों तक शासन किया। उनके बेटे, अमेनहोट चतुर्थ ने अमून पर हमला करते हुए देश को चौंका दिया, एक प्रमुख भगवान, उनकी छवियों को तोड़कर और उनके सभी मंदिरों को बंद कर दिया।

उन्होंने अपना नाम अखेनाटेन में बदल दिया और एटन या सूर्य डिस्क की पूजा को बढ़ावा दिया। उनकी मृत्यु के बाद, एक रहस्यमय शासक, स्मेनखेकर संक्षिप्त रूप से प्रकट हुआ और बिना कोई निशानी छोड़े बाहर निकल गया। जब टुट ने पदभार संभाला, तो उन्होंने अपना नाम तुतनखतेन से बदलकर तुतनखामुन रख लिया और पुराने रिवाज़ फिर से शुरू कर दिए।

हालांकि, टट ने नौ साल तक शासन किया और फिर रहस्यमय और अप्रत्याशित रूप से मृत्यु प्राप्त की। अपनी मृत्यु के रहस्य को उजागर करने के लिए, राजा टट की ममी को एक हजार वर्षों के बाद स्कैन किया गया, इस प्रकार उसकी मृत्यु के कारण के बारे में नई धारणाएँ प्राप्त की गईं।

1922 में, हावर्ड कार्टर द्वारा उनके मकबरे की खोज की गई थी, जो ताबूत की ममी को ताबूत से निकालने के लिए सभी प्रकार के साधनों का उपयोग कर चुके थे। हालांकि टट के शव के शव को वहां से निकालना काफी मुश्किल हो गया था क्योंकि वह ताबूत से बिलकुल चिपक गया था।

कार्टर को आखिरकार मम्मी को छेना पड़ा और कोई दूसरा विकल्प नहीं था। उसके शरीर के हर प्रमुख जोड़ को तोडा गया। 1968 में शरीर रचना विज्ञान के प्रोफेसर ने मम्मी का एक्स-रे किया और बताया कि टुट के स्तन और सामने की पसलियाँ गायब थीं।

बिना तकनीकी सटीकता के ऐसा रहस्योद्घाटन संभव नहीं था। यह तथ्य हमें एक संकेत देता है कि टट को प्राकृतिक मौत नहीं हुई थी। टट की ममी को 2005 में मिस्र के सुप्रीम काउंसिल ऑफ एंटिक्स के महासचिव ज़ही हॉवास की देखरेख में स्कैन किया गया था। कंप्यूटेड टोमोग्राफी स्कैन, टुट की रहस्यमय मौत को हल नहीं कर सका, लेकिन हमें निश्चित रूप से सुराग मिल गए।

यह सबक प्राचीन मिस्र की संस्कृति के बारे में व्यापक जागरूकता भी प्रदान करता है। प्राचीन मिस्रवासियों का मानना ​​था कि मृत्यु के बाद जीवन था। यही कारण है कि फिरौन को दैनिक उपयोग की चीजों सहित धन की जबरदस्त मात्रा में दफनाया गया ताकि वे मृत्यु के बाद अपने जीवन में उनका उपयोग कर सकें। यह भी माना जाता था कि सोना उनके पुनरुत्थान की गारंटी देगा।

Discovering Tut: The saga 

summary in Hindi – 2

राजा टट की ममी

जैसे ही किंग टट की ममी को सीटी स्कैन करने के लिए लाया गया, तेज़ हवाओं ने हलचल मचाई और काले बादलों ने तारों को ढंक दिया। उनका स्कैन उन रहस्यों का पता लगाने के लिए किया जा रहा था,जिसकी वजह से उनकी मृत्यु हुई थी।

पर्यटक प्रसिद्ध मिस्र के राजा तूतनखामुन के ‘मम्मी’ को सम्मान देने के लिए लाइन में खड़े थे और उनकी असामयिक मृत्यु के बारे में अनुमान लगाया जा रहा था।

“ताबूत कोष”

मिस्र की सुप्रीम काउंसिल ऑफ एंटिक्स के महासचिव ज़ही हॉवास के अनुसार, ममी बहुत बुरी स्थिति में थी। किंग टुट का मकबरा पहली बार 1922 में ब्रिटिश पुरातत्वविद् हॉवर्ड कार्टर द्वारा खोजा गया था। टट को शुद्ध सोने से बने ताबूत में कई “अंत्येष्टि खजाने” के साथ दफनाया गया था।

खजाने में कीमती कॉलर, जड़ा हार और कंगन, अंगूठियां, ताबीज, एक औपचारिक एप्रन, सैंडल और उसकी उंगलियों और पैर की उंगलियों के लिए म्यान शामिल थे। ये खजाने आज तक के सबसे अमीर शाही संग्रह हैं। रोज़मर्रा की ज़रूरतों में माने जाने वाले कुछ रोजमर्रा के सामान, जैसे बोर्ड गेम, कांस्य रेज़र, लिनन अंडरगारमेंट, भोजन और शराब आदि भी पाए गए।

इससे पता चला कि प्राचीन मिस्रवासी पुनरुत्थान के विचार में विश्वास करते थे और अपने धन को अपने साथ ले जाने की आशा करते थे।

कार्टर की जांच और समस्या:

कार्टर ने तीन नेस्टेड ताबूतों की जांच की। पहले में, विलो और जैतून के पत्तों की माला, जंगली अजवाइन, कमल की पंखुड़ियों और कॉर्नफ्लॉवर के साथ सजा एक कफन मिला था। इससे अस्पष्ट सबूत मिले कि मौत मार्च या अप्रैल के महीने में हुई होगी।

कार्टर को राजा की ममी को ताबूत से बाहर निकालने में कठिनाई का सामना करना पड़ा। अनुष्ठान रेजिन ने कठोर सोने के ताबूत के नीचे टुट के शव को परिणामस्वरूप कठोर कर दिया था। हालांकि कार्टर ने रेजिन को ढीला करने के लिए सूरज का उपयोग करने का असफल प्रयास किया, लेकिन ममी को अलंकरणों से अलग करने के लिए इसके अलावा और कोई रास्ता नहीं बचा था। इसके सिर को हटाना पड़ा और प्रमुख जोड़ों को अलग करना पड़ा।

कार्टर के लिए खुद को चीसलिंग टट का बचाव करने का एकमात्र आधार यह था कि यदि वे ऐसा नहीं करते तो चोर उनके शरीर से सोना चुराने के लिए उनके शरीर को चीरने में एक पल भी नहीं झिझकते।

एक और रहस्य

जैसे-जैसे समय के आगमन के साथ पुरातत्व बदलता गया, उसने खजाने की तुलना में जीवन और मृत्यु के रहस्यों पर अधिक ध्यान केंद्रित किया। कार्टर की खोज के कुछ 40 साल बाद, 1968 में एक एनाटॉमी प्रोफेसर की खोज में एक चौंकाने वाला तथ्य सामने आया था, जिसने ममी का एक्स-रे किया था। उन्होंने दावा किया कि स्तन की हड्डी और ममी की आगे की पसलियां गायब थीं।

टुट का पारिवारिक इतिहास

अमनहोटेप III (Tut के पिता या दादा) ने 18 वें राजवंश स्वर्ण युग के दौरान लगभग चार दशकों तक शासन किया। उसने अपने बेटे अमेनहोट चतुर्थको जन्म दिया था जिसने प्राचीन मिस्र के इतिहास में एक विषम अवधि तक राज किया। उसने कुछ कठोर और अप्रिय परिवर्तन किए। उन्होंने एटेन, सन डिस्क की पूजा को बढ़ावा दिया, और अपना नाम बदलकर अखातेन कर लिया।

उन्होंने धार्मिक राजधानी को नए शहर अखेतें में स्थानांतरित कर दिया। उसने कुछ कठोर अप्रिय परिवर्तन किए। उन्होंने एक प्रमुख देवता अमून की छवियों और मंदिरों को नष्ट कर दिया। उनके निधन के बाद, स्मेंखकेरे नाम के एक शासक ने कुछ समय के लिए शासन किया। अंत में, टूटनखतेन (बाद में इसका नाम बदलकर तुतनखामुन कर दिया गया) ने गद्दी संभाली और अपने पूर्ववर्तियों द्वारा नष्ट किए गए पुराने रिवाजों को वापस से लागू कर दिया। उन्होंने लगभग नौ वर्षों तक शासन किया।

राजा टट की मृत्यु

टुटनखमुन या किंग टुट के रूप में वह आज भी व्यापक रूप से जाना जाता है, एक किशोर फिरौन (प्राचीन मिस्र के राजा) के रूप में मृत्यु हो गई और सोने से लदे हुए थे। वह उन शासकों के परिवार का अंतिम वारिस था, जिन्होंने सदियों तक मिस्र पर शासन किया था। उनका अप्रत्याशित निधन एक बड़ी घटना थी और उनकी मृत्यु के कारण अस्पष्ट रहे।

दो सबसे बड़े सवाल अभी भी उनके बारे में अनुत्तरित हैं – “उनकी मृत्यु कैसे हुई, और उनकी मृत्यु के समय वह कितने साल के थे?”

सीटी स्कैन

वर्ष 2005 में, (उनकी मृत्यु के 3,300 से अधिक वर्षों के बाद), किंग टट की ममी सीटी स्कैन से गुजरने वाली पहली ममियों में से एक बनी। ज़ही हवास के नेतृत्व में और एक पोर्टेबल सीटी मशीन के साथ किया गया। स्कैन से उनके जीवन और मृत्यु के बारे में नए सुराग मिले।

इसने राजा टुट के सटीक फोरेंसिक पुनर्निर्माण के लिए सटीक डेटा प्रदान किया। सीटी मशीन के कूलर के पंखे में रेत होने के कारण, उन्हें स्कैनिंग प्रक्रिया को पूरा करने के लिए दो प्लास्टिक पंखों का उपयोग करना पड़ा।

टट के शरीर की जांच सीटी स्कैन की मदद से कंप्यूटर स्क्रीन पर की गई। इसमें एक ग्रे सिर, गर्दन कशेरुक, एक हाथ, रिब पिंजरे की कई छवियां और खोपड़ी का एक संक्रमण दिखाया गया। स्कैन के लिए डेटा एकत्र करने के बाद, फिरौन को उस स्थान पर वापस भेज दिया जाता है जो वह था, यानी उसका ताबूत। मम्मी के साथ “कुछ भी गंभीर रूप से गलत नहीं हुआ था” यह ज़ही हवास के लिए राहत की बात थी।

उनके अवलोकन के बाद, जब वे चले गए, तो हवा रुक गई थी और आसपास एक मूक मौन आ गया था। टुट के मकबरे के प्रवेश द्वार के ठीक ऊपर आकाश में ओरियन तारामंडल था, जिसे मिस्रियों द्वारा ओसिरिस की आत्मा के रूप में भी जाना जाता है।

CBSE Class 11 
Political Science 
Revision Notes 
Political Theory: An Introduction 
Chapter 1

1. Political theory has been made one of the subfields with the rise of political science as a subject . Political is an important and integral part of any society.
2. Political theory is the study of the state from the philosophical and empirical point of view. And a political theory can be referred to as a combination of thoughts, philosophies and sciences or arts.
3. Political theory deals with the ideas and principles that shape constitutions, governments, and social life in a systematic manner. It clarifies the meaning of concepts such as freedom, equality, justice, democracy, seculariesm and so on.
4. Politics is referred to struggle for power to maintain relationship between power and authority which is a desire of an act of will.
5. Political theory deals with how the present has come and on what assumptions, it may stay and in future, what it will lead.
6. India is a free country where issues concerning freedom, equality and democracy arise from time to time and implemented also by the intervention of the state.
7. As freedom has been guaranteed by the constitution, still many discriminatory issues are raised and encountered with the interpretations of the state.
8. Along with the changes in time and periods, people’s aspirations and needs are also changed and new dimensions are discovered as well.
9. Political theories debate and examine the diverse meaning and opinions in a systematic manner and easily to be understood by the ordinary peoples.
10. The laws and moral values are interrelated with each other.
11. Hence, the Constitution of India is democratic, secular, federal, liberal, egalitarian, open to community values as well as sensitive towards the needs and aspirations of the peoples to maintain integrity of the county.
12. The philosophy of the constitution does not contain only moral content but mediate between the various interpretations of the core value of Indian polity.
13. The Constitution of India has made the arrangements to protect the rights and interests of SCs, STs, Minorities by providing the reservation of seats in the legislatures for them. The same reservations have been made for them even in government jobs also to secure their interest.
14. The Indian Constitution guarantees the right to primary education for all,this right remains formal.
15. The Constitution of India is a supreme law to be respected and accepted by the institutions and citizens both because only this protects the fundamentalities of citizens and country.
16. The Constitution of India experiences the federal character because it distributes the powers between the central government and its constituent units, it is a written document, it is partially flexible and partially rigid.
17.  Political theory exposes us to systematic thinking on justice or equality so that we can polish our opinions and argue in an informed manner and for the sake of common interests.
18. The constitution has a centralized idea of national unity as its preamble outlines the objectives of constitution by providing justice, equality, fraternity, liberty and unity and integrity of the country.
19. The philosophy of the constitution can be approached by getting the concept of constitution in a clear manner, grasping or analysing the set of ideals in constitution as well as a detailed justification for the same.
20. The philosophy of the constitution mainly emphasises on peaceful and democratic measures to develop a democratic transformations in the form of equality, freedom and national unity and integrity.