NCERT
Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter-1 The Cold War Era
TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS SOLVED
1. Which among the following statements about the Cold
War is wrong?
(а) It was a competition between the US and Soviet Union and their
respective allies.
(b) It was an ideological war between the superpowers.
(c) It triggered off an arms race.
(d) The US and USSR were engaged in direct wars.
Answer: (d) The US and USSR were engaged in direct wars.
2. Which among the following statements does not
reflect the objectives of NAM?
(a) Enabling newly decolonised countries to pursue independent
policies.
(b) No to joining any military alliances.
(c) Following a policy of neutrality on global issues.
(d) Focus on elimination of global economic inequalities.
Answer: (c) Following a policy of neutrality on global
issues.
3. Mark correct or wrong against each of
the following statements that describe the features ol Tliitary
alliances formed by the superpowers.
(a) Member countries of the alliance are to provide bases in their
respective lands for superpowers.
(b) Member countries to support the superpower both in terms of
ideology and military strategy.
(c) When a nation attacks any member country, it is considered as an
attack on all the member countries.
(d) Superpowers assist all the member countries to develop their own
nuclear weapons.
Answer: (a) True (6) True (c) True (d) False
4. Here is a list of countries. Write against each of
these blocs they belonged to during the Cold War.
Answer: (a) Poland—Eastern Alliance (WarsawPact)
(b) France—Western Alliance (NATO)
(c) Japan—Western Alliance (NATO)
(d)Nigeria—NAM
(e) North Korea—Eastern Alliance (Warsaw Pact)
(f) Sri Lanka—NAM
5. The Cold War produced an arms race as well as arms
control. What were the reasons for both these development?
Answer: The Cold War produced an arms race as well as
arms control:
1. Cuban Missile Crisis engaged both of them (superpowers) in the development
of nuclear weapons to influence the world.
2. US dropped nuclear bombs on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki with the
intention to stop Soviet Union from making military and political gains in
Asia.
3. Both the powers were not ready to initiate a war because they knew that
destruction from these will not justify any gain for them.
4. Both the powers were to be rational and responsible being restraint and
avoiding risk of another World War to ensure human survival.
5. Hence, both the superpowers decided to limiting certain kinds of nuclear and
non-nuclear weapons by signing various significant agreements within a decade
i.e. Limited Test Ban Treaty, Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty, Anti Ballistic
Missile Treaty etc.
6. Why did the superpowers have military alliances
with smaller countries? Give three reasons.
Answer: Superpowers had military alliances with smaller
states who were helpful for them in gaining access to:
1. Vital resources as oil and minerals.
2. Territory from where the superpowers could launch their weapons and troops.
3. Locations from where they could spy on each other.
4. Economic support to pay their military expenses.
7. Sometimes it is said that the Cold War was a simple
struggle for power and that ideology had nothing to do with it. Do
you agree with this? Give one example to support your position.
Answer: Yes, the Cold War was a simple struggle for power
and that ideology had nothing to do with it because:
1. The Cold War led to several shooting wars but this did not lead to another
World War.
2. Despite direct confrontations in Korea (1950-53), Berlin (1958-62), the
Congo (early 1960s), neither alliance system crossed certain limits.
3. Many lives have been lost in some of the arenas like Korea, Vietnam and
Afghanistan but World War spread a nuclear war or global hostilities.
8. What was India’s foreign policy towards the
USandUSSR during the Cold War era? Do you think that this policy helped India’s
interests?
Answer: India’s foreign policy towards the US and USSR
was two fold:
1. Took particular care in staging away from the two alliances.
2. Raised voice against the newly decolonised countries becoming part of these
alliances.
3. Moreover, India tried to reduce the differences and rivalries between these
alliances from escalating into a full scale war.
Yes, this policy served India’s interests also:
1. Non-alignment allowed India to take international decisions that served
India’s interests rather than interests of superpowers and its allies.
2. India maintained a balance between two superpowers as if India felt ignored
by one superpower it could tilt towards other superpowers.
3. Neither the alliance could take India for granted.
9. NAM was considered a ‘third option’ by third world
countries! How did this option benefit their growth during the peak of the Cold
War?
Answer: Non-alignment offered newly decolonised countries
of Asia, Africa and Latin America, a third option—not to join either alliance.
A majority of NAM members was categorised as the Least Development Countries
(LDCs), to be developed more economically not to remain dependent on richer
countries. A new International Economic Order (NIEO) originated with this
realisation. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
brought out a report in 1972 entitled towards a New Trade Policy for
Development which proposed a reform of global trading system:
1. LDCs got control over their own natural resources which were being exploited
by developed western countries.
2. To make western market available for LDCs to make trade more beneficial.
3. To reduce cost of-technology from western countries.
4. To provide LDCs with a greater role in international economic institutions.
10. What do you think about the statement that NAM has
bdcoPie irrelevant today? Give reasons to support your opinion.
Or
What is the relevance of non-aligned movement after the end of Cold
War?
Answer: By the mid 1970s, NAM had become an economic
pressure group and by late 1980s, the NIEO initiative had faded due to stiff
competition from developed countries who acted as a united group while
non-aligned countries struggled to maintain their unity in face of this
opposition. Non-alignment both as an international movement and as a core of
India’s foreign policy lost some of its earlier relevance. Though non-alignment
contained some core values and enduring ideas. It was based on a recognition
that decolonised states shared a historical affiliation and can become powerful
force if they come together, as very small and poor countries need not to
become follower of any big powers instead they could persue an independent
foreign policy also.
In nutshell, it can be concluded that NAM has not lost its relevance. It has
stood test of adverse circumstances. It has served an important purpose of
protecting and preserving interests of third world countries.
MORE QUESTIONS SOLVED
Very Short Answer Type Questions [1 Mark]
1. Why was the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation also called Western
Alliance?
Answer: The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation was an
association of twelve states. All these states belonged to western Europe.
Therefore, this association was also called Western Alliance.
2. Name the two superpowers responsible for Cold War.
When did the world become unipolar?
Answer: The US and USSR were responsible for Cold War.
The world became unipolar in 1991 after disintegration of USSR.
3. What does USSR stand for?
Answer: Union of Soviet Socialist Republic.
4. When did NATO and WARSAW PACT come into existence?
Answer: NATO—April 1949
WARSAW PACT—1955
5. Mention the period of first and second World Wars.
Answer: First World War: 1914-1918
Second World 1939-1945
6. What is meant b; .old War?
Answer: Cold War is a state of extreme unfriendliness
existing between two superpowers especially with opposing political system
which expresses itself not through fighting but through political pressures and
threats.
7. “ Non-alignment does not imply neutrality or
equidistance.” What does this statement mean?
Answer: Neutrality refers to a policy of staying out of
war and not to help end a war. Non-aligned states including India worked to
prevent wars and rivalries between others.
8. What was deterrence relationship between
superpowers?
Answer: Deterrence relationship refers that both sides
have the capacity to retaliate against an attack and to cause so much
destruction that neither can afford to initiate war.
9. How did superpowers maintain arms- control?
Answer: Superpowers maintained arms control by signing
significant agreements within a decade as Limited Test Ban Treaty, Nuclear
Non-proliferation Treaty, Anti- Ballistic Missile Treaty and hold several
rounds of arms limitation talks.
10. What do you understand by Least Developed
Countries?
Answer: Majority of NAM members were categorised as Least
Developed Countries (LDCs) to be more developed economically and to lift their
people out of poverty.
11. What was the difference in the ideology of Western
Alliances and that of Eastern Alliances?
Answer: The Western Alliance headed by the US represented
ideology of liberal democracy and capitalism while the eastern alliance headed
by Soviet Union committed to socialism and communism.
12. What was India’s policy of Non¬alignment?
Answer: India’s policy of Non-alignment was not a policy
of‘fleeing away’ instead India was in favour of actively intervening in world
affairs to soften Cold War rivalries and prevented differences from escalating
into a full scale war.
13. Why did India not join either of the two camps
during the Cold War?
Answer: India did not join either of the two camps during
the Cold War because India played an active role in mediating between the two
rival alliances for the sake of peace and stability. Their strength was based
on unity of NAM members and their resolve to remain non-aligned despite the
attempts and made by two superpowers to bring them into their alliances.
14. How were the military alliances beneficial to
smaller nations during the Cold War?
Answer: Smaller nations got the promise of protection,
weapons and economic aid against their local and regional rivals. A state was
supposed to remain tied to its protective superpowers to unite influence of
other superpower and its allies.
15. Name any two foreign leaders alongwith the
countries they belonged to, who are recognised as the founders of NAM.
Answer: Yugoslavia’s Josip Broz Tito; Egypt’s leader
Gamal Abdel Nasser.
16. What was Limited Test Ban Treaty (LTBT)?
Answer: It was arms control treaty between superpowers.
It banned nuclear weapon tests in the atmosphere, in outer space and under
water. It was signed by the US, UK and USSR in Moscow on 5 August, 1963. It
entered into force on 10 October, 1963.
17. When and where the first NAM Summit was held?
Answer: The first NAM Summit was held in Belgrade in 1961
and it was attended by 25 member states.
Very Short Answer Type Questions [2 Marks]
1. What is meant by the Cuba Missile Crisis?
Answer: Cuba was an ally of the Soviet Union and received
both diplomatic and financial aid from it. In 1962, Soviet Union placed nuclear
missiles in Cuba to convert it into a Russian base. This move fired the US. It
ordered American warships to intercept any Soviet ships heading to Cuba as a
way of warning the USSR of its seriousness. A clash seemed imminent in what
came to be known as the Cuban Missile Crisis.
2. What was the main objective of New International
Economic Order?
Answer: The main objective of NSEO was to develop more to
Least (Economic)
Developed countries of NAM and to lift them out of poverty by their sustainable
development.
3. Mention two military features of the Cold War.
Answer: 1. Cold War divided the world into two divisions
namely Western and Eastern alliances as well as SEATO and CENTO.
2. Mad arms race had taken to manu-facture atom-bomb and nuclear weapons by
Super Powers of the world.
4. Explain Eastern and Western alliance during Cold
war.
Answer: 1. Cold War gave birth to Eastern Alliance known
as Warsaw Pact headed by Soviet Union in 1955 with the principal function to
counter NATO’s forces.
2. Cold War created Western Alliance known as NATO in April 1949 by association
of twelve states. Its policy was that an armed attack on any one of them would
be regarded as an attack on all of them and everybody would be obliged to help
each other.
5. When did NATO come into existence? How many states
joined it?
Answer: NATO came into existence in April 1949 and twelve
sca+ joined it.
6. Name any two t,rms control treaties signed between
two superpowers in 1960s.
Answer: 1. Limited Test Ban Treaty (5 August, 1963)
2. Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty (1 July, 1960)
7. Name two leaders who played crucial role in Cuban
Missile Crisis.
Answer: 1. Nikita Khrushchev—Leader of Soviet Union
2. John F. Kennedy—US President
8. Explain any four objectives on Non- aligned
Movement.
Answer: 1. NAM aimed at an end of colonisation and
freedom to all nations.
2. NAM promoted and maintained international peace and security.
3. NAM aimed at removal of disparity among developed, poor and very small
countries.
4. NAM aimed at promotion of New International Economic Order to encourage
cooperation among nations.
9. Mention any four important events which took place
during Cuban Missile Crisis.
Answer: 1. In 1962, USSR installed Missiles in Cuba with
intention to convert it into Russian base.
2. America became aware of it and as a warning ordered American warship to
intercept Soviet ships moving to Cuba.
3. The US was feared of developing nuclear weapons on part of the USSR to
challenge supremacy of the US.
4. The Cuban Crisis divided the world into two power blocs to expand their own
spheres of influence in the world.
10. Who was the key leader of NAM who tried to reduce
the Cold War conflicts?
Answer: Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru was the key leader of NAM
who played a crucial role in mediating between two Koreas. Nehru appealed for
reduction of Cold War conflicts and the establishment of world peace and
security through co-operative disarmament.
11. Why were most of the countries categorised as
Least Developed Countries?
Answer:1. The economic development of these countries was very
low.
2. They were dependent on richer countries for their sustainable development.
3. Their natural resources were being exploited by developed countries.
4. They could not participate in international economic institutions and they
had a little say, if participated.
Short Answer Type Questions [4 Marks]
1. Why did India distance itself from the two camps led by the U.S. and
the Soviet Union? Explain.
Answer: The end of the Second World War was the beginning
of the Cold War between the two superpowers of the world, namely the US and the
USSR. These two superpowers were keen on expanding their spheres of influence
in different parts of the world. Most countries of western Europe sided with
the US and those of eastern Europe joined the USSR. But India kept a distance
from these superpowers. It means, it became a member of the
non-alignment-movement by not joining either alliance. Non-alignment was not a
noble international cause which had little to do with India’s real interests. A
non-aligned posture also served India’s interests very directly, in at least
two ways.
(t) Non-alignment allowed India to take international decisions and stances
that served its interests rather than the interests of the superpowers and
their allies. .
(ii) India was often able to balance one superpower against the other. If India
felt ignored or unduly pressurised by one superpower, it could tilt towards the
other. Neither alliance system could take India for granted or bully it.
2. “The drop of bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki by the
US was a political game.” Justify the statement.
Answer: The Second World War ended when the United States
dropped two atomic bombs on Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August
1945 causing Japan to surrender. Moreover, this action was criticised on the
ground that the US knew that Japan was about to surrender and dropping of bombs
was not necessary. US action was intended to stop Soviet Union from making
military and political gains in Asia and elsewhere and to show that the US was
supreme.
3. Explain the Cuban Missile Crisis.
Answer: In 1962, Soviet Union decided to convert Cuba
into a Russian base as it provided USSR diplomatic and financial aid both.
Hence, Soviet Union placed nuclear missiles in Cuba. The US became aware of it
and ordered American warships to intercept to Soviet Union to remove missiles
to avoid full scale nuclear war. A clash seemed imminent what came to be known
as Cuban Missile Crisis.
4. Name any two founders of Non-aligned Movement. The
first NAM summit was the culmination of which three factors?
Answer: Two founders of Non-aligned Movement were:
1. Indonesia’s Sukarno and
2. Ghana’s Kwame Nkrumah
The first NAM was held in Belgrade in 1961. This was the culmination of
following three factors:
1. Cooperation among member countries.
2. Growing cold war tensions and its widening arenas.
3. The dramatic entry of many new decolonised African countries into
international arena.
5. What is the rationale of Non-aligned movement after
the end of Cold War?
Or
Whmh core values keep non-alignment relevant even after Cold War has
ended?
Answer: Non-aligned Movement was based on a recognition
that decolonised states shared a historical affiliation and can become powerful
force if they come together. It meant that very small and poor countries need
not become followers of any big power, instead they could persue an independent
foreign policy also. It was based on a resolve to democratise the international
system to redress existing inequities also.
6. “ Non-alignment posture was in the interest of
India”. How?
Answer: Non-alignment posture was in the interest of
India because:
1. Non-alignment allowed India to take international decisions to serve her own
interests.
2. India maintained a balance between two superpowers as if India felt ignored
by one. India would tilt towards other superpower.
7. How did deterrence relationship prevented war
between two superpowers?
Answer: 1. Even if one of them tries to attack and
disable the nuclear weapons of its rivals, the other would still be left with
enough nuclear weapons to inflict unacceptable destruction.
2. Both sides have capacity to retaliate against an attack and to cause so much
destruction that neither can afford to initiate war.
3. Both superpowers were expected to behave more rationally and in responsible
manner in the sense that they understood the risks in fighting wars which may
create a massive destruction.
Passage Based Questions [5 Marks]
1. Read carefully the passage given below and answer the following
questions:
The Cold War was not simply a matter of power rivalries, military
alliances and of balance of power. These were accompanied by a real ideological
conflict as well, a difference over- the best and most appropriate way of
organising political, economic and social life all over the world.
Questions
1. Why is a war like situation called Cold War?
2. Identify one military pact each signed by each of the two super
powers to balance the power rivalries.
3. Differentiate between the ideologies represented by the rival blocs.
Answer:
1. The Cold War referred to the competition, the tensions and a series of
confrontations between the US and Soviet Union. It never escalated into a hot
war, i.e. a full-scale war between these two powers.
2. The US and USSR decided to collaborate in limiting or eliminating certain
kinds of nuclear and non-nuclear weapons. A stable balance of weapon, they
decided, could be maintained through ‘arms
control’. Starting in the 1960s, the two sides signed significant agreements,
namely, Limited Test Ban Treaty and Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.
3. The Western alliance, headed by the US, represented the ideology of liberal
democracy and capitalism while the eastern alliance, headed by the Soviet
Union, was committed to the ideology of socialism and communism.
2. Read the passage (NCERT Textbook, pages 2-3) given below carefully and
answer the questions:
In April 1961… the Soviet Union were worried that the United States of America
would invade communist ruled Cuba and overthrow the Cuban President Fidel
Castro…. Nikita Khrushchev, the leader of Soviet Union, decided to convert Cuba
into a Russian base. In 1962, placed nuclear missiles… Three weeks after the
Soviet Union had placed the nuclear weapons in Cuba, the Americans became aware
of it. They became reluctant to do anything that might lead to full scale war
between the two countries… A clash seemed imminent in what came to be known as
“Cuban Missile Crisis”. The prospects of this clash made the whole world
nervous.
Questions
1. Why was the Soviet Union worried about America invading Cuba?
2. In response to the action taken by America, what did Nikita
Khrushchev do?
3. Why were the two superpowers reluctant to start nuclear war?
Answer:
1. The Soviet Union was worried about America invading Cuba that the US world
overthrew Cuban President Fidel Castro to capture power in Cuba.
2. They became reluctant to do anything that might lead to to full scale war
between the two countries.
3. The two superpowers became reluctant because both of them knew that it might
lead only a massive destruction and will not justify any gain for them.
3. Read the passage given below carefully and answer the questions:
The Western alliance was formalised into an organisation, the North Atlantic
Treaty Organisation (NATO), which came into existence in April 1949. It was an
association of twelve states which declared that armed attack on any one of
them would be regarded as an attack on all of them. Each of these status would
be obliged to help each other. The eastern alliance known as the Warsaw Pact
was led by Soviet Union, created in 1955 and its principal function was to
counter NATO’s forces in Europe.
Questions
1. What does NATO stand for?
2. What was NATO’s policy?
3. What was Warsaw Pact?
4. Mention the main function of Warsaw Pact.
Answer:
1. NATO stands for North Atlantic Treaty Organisation.
2. NATO was an association of twelve states which declared that armed attack on
any one of them would be regarded as an attack on all of them and each of them
would be obliged to help each other.
3. Warsaw Pact was eastern alliance, led by Soviet Union, created in 1955.
4. Main function of Warsaw Pact was to counter NATO’s forces in Europe.
Long Answer Type Questions [6 Marks]
1. Describe any six factors responsible for the disintegration of USSR.
Or
What is meant by New International Economic Order? Mention any four
reforms of the global trading system proposed by UNCTAD in 1972.
Answer: Six factors responsible for the disintegration of
USSR are—
(i) The internal weaknesses of Soviet political and economic institutions
failed to meet the aspirations of the people.
(ii) Economic stagnation for many years led to severe consumer shortages and a
large section of Soviet society began to doubt and question the system and to
do so openly.
(iii) The Soviet Union had become stagnant in an administrative and political
sense as well. The Communist Party that had ruled the Soviet Union for over 70
years was not accountable to the people. Ordinary people were alienated by slow
and stifling administration, rampant corruption, the inability of the system to
correct mistakes it had made, the unwillingness to allow more openness in
government and the centralisation of authority in a-vast land.
(iv) The Soviet economy used much of its resources in maintaining a nuclear and
military arsenal and the development of its satellite states in Eastern Europe
and within the Soviet system. This led a huge economic burden that the system
could not cope with.
(v) When Gorbachev became the President, he carried out reforms and loosened
the system. He set in motion forces and expectations that few could have
predicted and became virtually impossible to control. There were sections of
Soviet society which felt that Gorbachev should have moved much faster and were
disappointed and impatient with his methods. Others, especially members of the
Communist Party and those who were served by the system, took exactly the
opposite view. In this tug of war, Gorbachev lost support on all sides.
(vi) The rise of nationalism and the desire for sovereignty within various
republics including Russia and the Baltic Republics, Ukraine, Georgia, and
others proved to be the final and most immediate cause for the disintegration
of the USSR.
Or
The non-aligned countries were more than merely mediators during the’ Cold War.
The challenge for most of the non-aligned countries — a majority of them were
categorised as the Least
Developed Countries (LDCs) — was to be more developed economically and to lift
their people out of poverty. Economic development was also vital for the
independence of the new countries. Without sustained development, a country
could not be truly free. It would remain dependent on the richer countries
including the colonial powers from which political freedom had been achieved.
The idea of a New International Economic Order (NIEO) originated with this
realisation.
The UNCTAD brought out a report in 1972 entitled Towards a New Trade Policy for
Development. The report proposed a reform of the global trading system so as
to:
(i) give the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) control over their natural resources
exploited by the developed western countries.
(ii) obtain access to western markets so that LDCs would sell their products
and, therefore, make trade more beneficial for the poorer countries.
(iii) reduce the cost of technology from the western countries, and
(iv) provide the LDCs with a greater role in international economic
institutions.
2. What led to the emergence of bipolar world? What
were the arenas of Cold War between the two power blocs?
Answer: Emergence of bipolar world:
1. Two superpowers expanded their own spheres of influence in different parts
of the world.
2. It divided the world into two alliances namely Western and Eastern alliance
headed by the US and Soviet Union respectively.
3. The smaller states in alliances got the promise of protection of weapons and
economic aid against their local rivals, hence they remained tied to its
protective superpowers to limit influence of other superpower and its allies.
Arenas of Cold War:
1. Crisis and war occurred between alliance systems but did not cross certain
limits.
2. Many lives were lost in Korea, Vietnam and Afghanistan, but world was spared
from nuclear war and global hostilities.
3. The Cold War led to several shooting wars but it did not lead to another
World War despite direct confrontations in Korea (1950-53), Berlin (1958-62)
and the Congo (the early 1960s).
3. How did Europe become main arena of conflict
between the superpowers?
Answer: 1. Superpowersusedtheirmilitarypower to bring
countries into their respective alliances.
2. Soviet Union used its influence in Eastern Europe so that the eastern half
of Europe remained within its sphere of influence.
3. In East and Southeast Asia and in West Asia, the US built an alliance called
South East Asian Treaty Organisation (SEATO) and the Central Treaty
Organisation (CENTO).
4. The Soviet Union responded by having close relations with regional countries
such as North Vietnam, North Korea and Iraq.
4. “India’s policy of non-alignment was criticised on
a number of counts.” Explain.
Answer: A non-aligned posture also served India’s
interests very directly as well as India intervened in world affairs to soften
cold war rivalries by reducing differences between the alliances and from
escalating into a full scale war. Though India’s policy of non-alignment was
criticised on a number of counts:
1. India’s non-alignment was said to be ‘unprincipled’ in the name of persuing
in national interest.
2. India often refused to take firm stand on crucial international issues.
! 3. Sometimes India took contradictory postures, having criticised others for
joining alliances, Indian signed the Treaty of friendship in August 1971 with
the USSR for 29 years
4. During Bangladesh crisis also India developed good relations even with the
US in the name of diplomatic and military support.
5. Explain various arms control treaties.
Or
Define the various treaties to control arms.
Answer: 1. Limited Test Ban Treaty: Banned nuclear weapon
tests in the atmosphere, in outer space and under water signed by the US, UK
and USSR in Moscow on 5 August 1963 came into force on 10 October, 1963.
2. Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty:
It allows only nuclear weapon states to have nuclear weapons and stops others
from acquiring them. A nuclear weapon state is one which had manufactured and
exploded nuclear explosive device prior to 1 Janaury, 1967. So there are five
nuclear weapon states: US, USSR, Britain, France and China.
3. Strategic Arms Limitation Talks I and II (Salt I and II): The first round
began in November 1969. The Soviet Union leader Leonid Brezhnev and the US
President Kichard Nixon signed the following in Moscow on 26 May 1972— (a) Anti
Ballistic Missile System Treaty, (b) Interim Agreement on limitation of
strategic offensive arms.
It came into force on 3 October, 1972. The second round started in November
1972. The US President Jimmy Carter and the Soviet leader Brezhnev signed
Treaty on limiting strategic offensive arms in Vienna on 18 June, 1979.
4. Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty I and II (START I and II): Treaty I signed
by the USSR president Mikhail Gorbachev and the’ US president George Bush
(Senior) on the reduction and limitation of strategic offensive arms in Moscow
on 31 July 1991.
Treaty II was signed for same purpose in Moscow on 3 January, 1993 between Russian
President Boris Yeltsin and the US President George Bush (Senior).
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